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Objective: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an enduring condition characterized by a chronic course and impairments across several areas. Despite its significance, treatment options remain limited, and remission rates are often low. Ketamine has demonstrated antidepressant properties and appears to be a promising agent in the management of PTSD. Method: A systematic review was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Clinicaltrials.gov, Lilacs, Scopus, and Embase, covering studies published between 2012 and December 2022 to assess the effectiveness of ketamine in the treatment of PTSD. Ten studies, consisting of five RCTs, two crossover trials, and three non-randomized trials, were included in the meta-analysis. Results: Ketamine demonstrated significant improvements in PCL-5 scores, both 24 hours after the initial infusion and at the endpoint of the treatment course, which varied between 1 to 4 weeks in each study. Notably, the significance of these differences was assessed using the Two Sample T-test with pooled variance and the Two Sample Welch's T-test, revealing a statistically significant effect for ketamine solely at the endpoint of the treatment course (standardized effect size= 0.25; test power 0.9916; 95% CI = 0.57 to 17.02, p=0.0363). It is important to note that high heterogeneity was observed across all analyses. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that ketamine holds promise as an effective treatment option for PTSD. However, further trials are imperative to establish robust data for this intervention.

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Generalized anxiety disorder is a highly prevalent mental disorder. Previous data indicate that more than 18 million Brazilians suffer from this condition. Traditionally, generalized anxiety disorder has been considered a mild mental health disorder, despite its links to lower life expectancy, cardiovascular disease, and suicide. The aim of this article is to combine elements of systematic and critical reviews to produce a synthesis of the best evidence about generalized anxiety disorder treatment. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials were included. The descriptor used in the search was "generalized anxiety disorder," which resulted in 4,860 articles and seven other studies, of which 59 were selected. Antidepressants and benzodiazepines were indicated, as was pregabalin, and atypical antipsychotics, such as quetiapine, have been studied. Individual cognitive behavior therapy (third wave) has proven effective. There is extensive literature on many effective treatments for generalized anxiety disorder. The present review summarizes the therapeutic possibilities, emphasizing those available in Brazil. Further studies are needed to compare other available medications, assess psychotherapies and new treatments in greater depth, as well as to assess the ideal duration of therapy. Registration number: PROSPERO CRD42021288323.

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OBJECTIVE: To combine elements of a systematic review and critical review to produce best evidence synthesis for the treatament of GAD. METHOD: There was included systematic reviews, metanalysis, and randomized controlled trials. Descriptor used was "generalized anxiety disorder", resulting in 4860 articles and 7 other studies, of which 59 were selected. RESULTS: Antidepressants and benzodiazepines are indicated, as well as pregabalin. From, atypical antipsychotics quetiapine has been studied. Cognitive behavior therapy (third wave of behavioral and cognitive therapies) as well as individual CBT proven to be effective. CONCLUSION: There is extensive literature on many effective treatments for GAD. The present work summarizes the therapeutic possibilities, emphasizing those available in the Brazil. Further studies are still needed to compare other available medications, to assess psychotherapies in more depth, new treatments and specially to assess the ideal time for maintaining therapy.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim was to examine the psychometric properties of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) as a diagnostic tool to screen for dementia in aging individuals with Down syndrome (DS). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 92 individuals with DS 30 y or above of age) evaluated with the IQCODE. Using the informant questionnaire of the Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of Older People with Down's Syndrome and Others with Intellectual Disabilities, we divided the subjects into 3 diagnostic groups: stable cognition; prodromal dementia; and dementia. The ability of the IQCODE to discriminate between diagnostic groups was analyzed by calculating the areas under the receiver operator characteristic curves (AUCs). RESULTS: The optimal IQCODE cutoffs were 3.14 for dementia versus stable cognition (AUC=0.993; P<0.001) and 3.11 for prodromal dementia+dementia versus stable cognition (AUC=0.975; P<0.001), with sensitivity/specificity/accuracy of 100%/96.8%/97.3%, and 93.3%/91.9%/92.4%, respectively. The IQCODE showed a weak-to-moderate correlation with cognitive performance (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The IQCODE is a useful tool to screen for cognitive decline in individuals with DS and is suitable for use in a primary care setting.

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BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the leading causes of disability in the world. However, treatment options are still limited, and marked by high refractoriness rates, new approaches are needed to optimize clinical improvement. Trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) is an innovative neuromodulation strategy consisting on the application of an electric current over the trigeminal nerve that propagates stimuli towards brain areas involved in mood control. OBJECTIVE: We examined the effects of TNS in MDD after a 10-day experimental protocol. METHODS: This was a randomized, double blind, and sham-controlled phase II study with 24 patients with severe MDD. Patients underwent a 10-day intervention protocol and were assessed with the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS-17) at following three observation points: baseline (T1), after 10 days (T2), and after one month of the last stimulation session (T3). Main clinical outcome analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed. RESULTS: Patients in the active group presented a mean reduction of 36.15% in depressive symptoms after the stimulation protocol. There was a significant interaction between group and time regarding HDRS-17 scores (F = 3.18; df = 2; p = 0.0456). Post hoc analyses exhibited a statistically significant difference between active and sham group symptoms at T2 (p = 0.040) and T3 (p = 0.026), which highlights the sustained amelioration of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: The present study found amelioration of depressive symptoms for patients undergoing a 10-day stimulation protocol of TNS, and this was sustained after one month of follow-up.

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INTRODUCTION:: We report a transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) protocol over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) combined with cognitive training in schizophrenia. METHOD:: We assessed psychotic symptoms in nine patients using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). All evaluations were scored at baseline, at the end of the intervention protocol, and during a 4-week follow-up. The tDCS protocol consisted of 10 consecutive sessions over 5-day periods. We placed the cathode over the right and the anode over the left DLPFC. For sham stimulation, we turned the device off after 60 seconds. Cognitive training consisted of the administration of N-back and sequence learning tasks. RESULTS:: We performed an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to adjust for the dependent variable PANSS, considering the interaction with baseline severity scores (p = 0.619). Mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed no statistical significance between the groups regarding final PANSS scores. CONCLUSION:: The results failed to demonstrate that the concomitant use of tDCS and cognitive training is effective to improve clinical outcomes in patients with schizophrenia. The present findings should be analyzed with care, considering the small sample size. Larger controlled trials on electric/cognitive stimulation should be produced in order to enhance therapeutic strategies in schizophrenia.

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OBJECTIVES: The extent to which psychotic disorders fall into distinct diagnostic categories or can be regarded as lying on a single continuum is controversial. We compared lateral ventricle volumes between a large sample of patients with first-episode schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and a healthy control group from the same neighbourhood. METHODS: Population-based MRI study with 88 first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients, grouped into those with schizophrenia/schizophreniform disorder (N=62), bipolar disorder (N=26) and 94 controls. RESULTS: Right and left lateral ventricular and right temporal horn volumes were larger in FEP subjects than controls. Within the FEP sample, post-hoc tests revealed larger left lateral ventricles and larger right and left temporal horns in schizophrenia subjects relative to controls, while there was no difference between patients with bipolar disorder and controls. None of the findings was attributable to effects of antipsychotics. CONCLUSIONS: This large-sample population-based MRI study showed that neuroanatomical abnormalities in subjects with schizophrenia relative to controls from the same neighbourhood are evident at the first episode of illness, but are not detectable in bipolar disorder patients. These data are consistent with a model of psychosis in which early brain insults of neurodevelopmental origin are more relevant to schizophrenia than to bipolar disorder.

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Recent theories of panic disorder propose an extensive involvement of limbic system structures, such as the hippocampus, in the pathophysiology of this condition. Despite this, no prior study has examined exclusively the hippocampal neurochemistry in this disorder. The current study used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging ((1)H-MRSI) to examine possible abnormalities in the hippocampus in panic disorder patients. Participants comprised 25 panic patients and 18 psychiatrically healthy controls. N-acetylaspartate (NAA, a putative marker of neuronal viability) and choline (Cho, involved in the synthesis and degradation of cell membranes) levels were quantified relative to creatine (Cr, which is thought to be relatively stable among individuals and in different metabolic condition) in both right and left hippocampi. Compared with controls, panic patients demonstrated significantly lower NAA/Cr in the left hippocampus. No other difference was detected. This result is consistent with previous neuroimaging findings of hippocampal alterations in panic and provides the first neurochemical evidence suggestive of involvement of this structure in the disorder. Moreover, lower left hippocampal NAA/Cr in panic disorder may possibly reflect neuronal loss and/or neuronal metabolic dysfunction, and could be related to a deficit in evaluating ambiguous cues.

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Although abnormalities in brain structures involved in the neurobiology of fear and anxiety have been implicated in the pathophysiology of panic disorder (PD), relatively few studies have made use of voxel-based morphometry (VBM) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine structural brain abnormalities in PD. We have assessed gray matter volume in 19 PD patients and 20 healthy volunteers using VBM. Images were acquired using a 1.5 T MRI scanner, and were spatially normalized and segmented using optimized VBM. Statistical comparisons were performed using the general linear model. A relative increase in gray matter volume was found in the left insula of PD patients compared with controls. Additional structures showing differential increases were the left superior temporal gyrus, the midbrain, and the pons. A relative gray matter deficit was found in the right anterior cingulate cortex. The insula and anterior cingulate abnormalities may be relevant to the pathophysiology of PD, since these structures participate in the evaluation process that ascribes negative emotional meaning to potentially distressing cognitive and interoceptive sensory information. The abnormal brain stem structures may be involved in the generation of panic attacks.

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This is a comparative study between manual volumetry (MV) and voxel based morphometry (VBM) as methods of evaluating the volume of brain structures in magnetic resonance images. The volumes of the hippocampus and the amygdala of 16 panic disorder patients and 16 healthy controls measured through MV were correlated with the volumes of gray matter estimated by optimized modulated VBM. The chosen structures are composed almost exclusively of gray matter. Using a 4 mm Gaussian filter, statistically significant clusters were found bilaterally in the hippocampus and in the right amygdala in the statistical parametric map correlating with the respective manual volume. With the conventional 12 mm filter,a significant correlation was found only for the right hippocampus. Therefore, narrow filters increase the sensitivity of the correlation procedure, especially when small brain structures are analyzed. The two techniques seem to consistently measure structural volume.

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This is a comparative study between manual volumetry (MV) and voxel based morphometry (VBM) as methods of evaluating the volume of brain structures in magnetic resonance images. The volumes of the hippocampus and the amygdala of 16 panic disorder patients and 16 healthy controls measured through MV were correlated with the volumes of gray matter estimated by optimized modulated VBM. The chosen structures are composed almost exclusively of gray matter. Using a 4 mm Gaussian filter, statistically significant clusters were found bilaterally in the hippocampus and in the right amygdala in the statistical parametric map correlating with the respective manual volume. With the conventional 12 mm filter,a significant correlation was found only for the right hippocampus. Therefore,narrowfilters increase the sensitivity of the correlation procedure, especially when small brain structures are analyzed. The two techniques seem to consistently measure structural volume.

Trata-se de estudo comparativo entre a volumetria manual(VM) e a morfometria baseada no vóxel (MBV), como métodos de avaliação do volume de estruturas cerebrais. Os volumes do hipocampo e da amídala de 16 pacientes de pânico e 16 controles sadios medidos através da VM foram correlacionados com os volumes de matéria cinzenta estimados pela MBV.As estruturas escolhidas são constituídas quase exclusivamente de matéria cinzenta. Utilizando um filtro Gaussiano de 4 mm, encontram-se, bilateralmente, aglomerados significativos de correlação nas duas estruturas no mapa estatístico paramétrico, correspondendo ao respectivo volume manual. Com o filtro convencional de 12 mm, apenas uma correlação significativa foi encontrada no hipocampo direito. Portanto, filtros estreitos aumentam a sensibilidade do procedimento de correlação,especialmente quando estruturas pequenas são analisadas. Ambas as técnicas parecem medir consistentemente o volume estrutural.

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Several recent magnetic resonance imaging studies have employed voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to detect regional gray matter volume abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, investigations of corpus callosum (CC) abnormalities in AD using this automated methodology have been scarce, and no VBM study investigated correlations between regional CC atrophy and cognitive measurements in AD subjects at mild disease stages. We used VBM to compare the topography of CC volume differences between 14 AD subjects (MMSE 14-25) and 14 healthy volunteers. Images were acquired using a 1.5-Telsa scanner, and were spatially normalized and segmented using optimized VBM. Statistical comparisons were performed using the general linear model. Significant CC atrophy was detected in the antero-superior portion of the splenium, the isthmus, the anterior and posterior portions of the CC body, and the rostral portion of the genu. Voxels showing peak statistical difference were all left-sided (P<0.001, uncorrected for multiple comparisons). A cluster of significant positive correlation with MMSE scores was seen on the left anterior CC body. Our results confirm previous findings of diffuse volumetric CC reductions early in the course of AD, and warrant further evaluation of the relevance of atrophic changes in anterior CC portions to the cognitive impairments that characterize the disorder.

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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at evaluating the stability of the first psychotic episode diagnosis in the emergency context. METHODS: Fifty-nine patients were selected during a 15-month period and were followed for an average of 19.35 +/- 6.12 months. The admission and discharge emergency diagnosis were compared with the longitudinal diagnosis, obtained by the application of Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders--clinical version at the end of the follow-up. Severity rating scales (Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Young Mania Rating Scale and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression) were applied in the emergency assessment. RESULTS: Agreement between admission emergency diagnosis and longitudinal diagnosis was unsatisfactory (k=0.25), whereas that between emergency discharge and longitudinal diagnosis was satisfactory (k=0.57). Brief psychotic disorder diagnosis presented higher sensitivity rates but low specificity, comprising several false positives. Bipolar disorder had the highest rates of specificity. CONCLUSION: Brief psychotic disorder may not be a useful concept in the emergency assessment. A short period of observation can improve emergency psychiatric diagnosis.

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