RESUMEN
Abstract Historically, it takes an average of 17 years for new treatments to move from clinical evidence to daily practice. Given the highly effective treatments now available to prevent or delay kidney disease onset and progression, this is far too long. Now is the time to narrow the gap between what we know and what we do. Clear guidelines exist for the prevention and management of common risk factors for kidney disease, such as hypertension and diabetes, but only a fraction of people with these conditions are diagnosed worldwide, and even fewer are treated to target. Similarly, the vast majority of people living with kidney disease are unaware of their condition, because it is often silent in the early stages. Even among patients who have been diagnosed, many do not receive appropriate treatment for kidney disease. Considering the serious consequences of kidney disease progression, kidney failure, or death, it is imperative that treatments are initiated early and appropriately. Opportunities to diagnose and treat kidney disease early must be maximized beginning at the primary care level. Many systematic barriers exist, ranging from the patient to the clinician to the health systems to societal factors. To preserve and improve kidney health for everyone everywhere, each of these barriers must be acknowledged so that sustainable solutions are developed and implemented without further delay.
Resumo Historicamente, são necessários, em média, 17 anos para que novos tratamentos passem da evidência clínica para a prática diária. Considerando os tratamentos altamente eficazes disponíveis atualmente para prevenir ou retardar o início e a progressão da doença renal, esse período é demasiadamente longo. Agora é o momento de reduzir a lacuna entre o que sabemos e aquilo que fazemos. Existem diretrizes claras para a prevenção e o manejo dos fatores de risco comuns para doenças renais, como hipertensão e diabetes, mas apenas uma fração das pessoas com essas condições é diagnosticada mundialmente, e um número ainda menor recebe tratamento adequado. Da mesma forma, a grande maioria das pessoas que sofrem de doença renal não têm conhecimento de sua condição, pois ela costuma ser silenciosa nos estágios iniciais. Mesmo entre pacientes que foram diagnosticados, muitos não recebem tratamento adequado para a doença renal. Levando em consideração as graves consequências da progressão da doença renal, insuficiência renal ou óbito, é imperativo que os tratamentos sejam iniciados precocemente e de maneira adequada. As oportunidades para diagnosticar e tratar precocemente a doença renal devem ser maximizadas, começando no nível da atenção primária. Existem muitas barreiras sistemáticas, que vão desde o paciente até o médico, passando pelos sistemas de saúde e por fatores sociais. Para preservar e melhorar a saúde renal para todos em qualquer lugar, cada uma dessas barreiras deve ser reconhecida para que soluções sustentáveis sejam desenvolvidas e implementadas sem mais demora.
RESUMEN
Historically, it takes an average of 17 years for new treatments to move from clinical evidence to daily practice. Given the highly effective treatments now available to prevent or delay kidney disease onset and progression, this is far too long. Now is the time to narrow the gap between what we know and what we do. Clear guidelines exist for the prevention and management of common risk factors for kidney disease, such as hypertension and diabetes, but only a fraction of people with these conditions are diagnosed worldwide, and even fewer are treated to target. Similarly, the vast majority of people living with kidney disease are unaware of their condition, because it is often silent in the early stages. Even among patients who have been diagnosed, many do not receive appropriate treatment for kidney disease. Considering the serious consequences of kidney disease progression, kidney failure, or death, it is imperative that treatments are initiated early and appropriately. Opportunities to diagnose and treat kidney disease early must be maximized beginning at the primary care level. Many systematic barriers exist, ranging from the patient to the clinician to the health systems to societal factors. To preserve and improve kidney health for everyone everywhere, each of these barriers must be acknowledged so that sustainable solutions are developed and implemented without further delay.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Renales , Humanos , Enfermedades Renales/terapia , Enfermedades Renales/diagnóstico , Nefrología/normasRESUMEN
IMPORTANCE: Diabetic kidney disease is the leading cause of chronic and end-stage kidney disease in the United States and worldwide. Changes in demographics and treatments may affect the prevalence and clinical manifestations of diabetic kidney disease. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the clinical manifestations of kidney disease among US adults with diabetes over time. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Serial cross-sectional studies of adults aged 20 years or older with diabetes mellitus participating in National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 1988 through 2014. EXPOSURES: Diabetes was defined as hemoglobin A1c greater than 6.5% or use of glucose-lowering medications. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Albuminuria (urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g), macroalbuminuria (urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥300 mg/g), reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2), and severely reduced eGFR (<30 mL/min/1.73 m2), incorporating data on biological variability to estimate the prevalence of persistent abnormalities. RESULTS: There were 6251 adults with diabetes included (1431 from 1988-1994, 1443 from 1999-2004, 1280 from 2005-2008, and 2097 from 2009-2014). The prevalence of any diabetic kidney disease, defined as persistent albuminuria, persistent reduced eGFR, or both, did not significantly change over time from 28.4% (95% CI, 23.8%-32.9%) in 1988-1994 to 26.2% (95% CI, 22.6%-29.9%) in 2009-2014 (prevalence ratio, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.86-1.06] adjusting for age, sex, and race/ethnicity; P = .39 for trend). However, the prevalence of albuminuria decreased progressively over time from 20.8% (95% CI, 16.3%-25.3%) in 1988-1994 to 15.9% (95% CI, 12.7%-19.0%) in 2009-2014 (adjusted prevalence ratio, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.65-0.89]; P < .001 for trend). In contrast, the prevalence of reduced eGFR increased from 9.2% (95% CI, 6.2%-12.2%) in 1988-1994 to 14.1% (95% CI, 11.3%-17.0%) in 2009-2014 (adjusted prevalence ratio, 1.61 [95% CI, 1.33-1.95] comparing 2009-2014 with 1988-1994; P < .001 for trend), with a similar pattern for severely reduced eGFR (adjusted prevalence ratio, 2.86 [95% CI, 1.38-5.91]; P = .004 for trend). Significant heterogeneity in the temporal trend for albuminuria was noted by age (P = .049 for interaction) and race/ethnicity (P = .007 for interaction), with a decreasing prevalence of albuminuria observed only among adults younger than 65 years and non-Hispanic whites, whereas the prevalence of reduced GFR increased without significant differences by age or race/ethnicity. In 2009-2014, approximately 8.2 million adults with diabetes (95% CI, 6.5-9.9 million adults) had albuminuria, reduced eGFR, or both. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among US adults with diabetes from 1988 to 2014, the overall prevalence of diabetic kidney disease did not change significantly, whereas the prevalence of albuminuria declined and the prevalence of reduced eGFR increased.