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An analysis was done of treatment of 77 servicemen with a sclerotic form of pathological rearrangement of bones of the inferior limbs. Used in the above subjects was oteoscintillography that promoted the accuracy of diagnosis and allowed the study of the time-related course of the process in bones, which measure permitted correcting the therapeutic regimen designed to deal with the pathology under consideration. The complex of conservative treatment was supplemented by a course of gamma-radiation therapy in a cumulative dose of 1.6 Gy, which measure has been shown to yield better results as compared with the control group of patients.

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In the colon mucous membrane, activity of a wide range of membrane and mainly intracellular enzymes was studied in the organism at different conditions. The data obtained suggest participation of digestive hydrolases in the colon not only on postdigestive processes but, in certain states of the organism, in digestive processes too.

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The maximal activity of membrane enzymes (carbohydrases, alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase) was demonstrated in the evening, but that of cytosolic dipeptidases--at night and at day. This is possibly connected with the different functions of the enzymes--digestive or catabolic, resp. The circadian rhythm did not depend on functional states. The circadian rhythms of the enzymes activities were more expressed in the epithelial layer of the small intestine than in the subepithelial (stromal and muscle-serosal) ones.

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An anti-digoxin monoclonal antibody (mAb 4G3) has been produced and characterized with respect to its fine specificity and affinity. In an independent series of experiments anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody (mAb 7G9) was selected which reacted with the antigen-binding center of an anti-human chorionic gonadotropin monoclonal antibody (anti-hCG mAb 1B10). In detailed studies on its binding characteristics it has been shown that mAb 4G3 binds to an anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody mAb 7G9 in solution. Western blotting experiments showed that mAb 4G3 reacted against antiidiotypic antibody under non-reducing conditions, only. Moreover, mAb 4G3 has been shown to express self-binding properties. Absorption with saturating amounts of its specific hapten, i.e. digoxin, did not change the binding of mAb 4G3 to anti-idiotypic antibody and its self-binding ability. It is speculated on the basis of these data that mAb 4G3 possesses more than one functional paratope.

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The large intestine was found to reveal an obvious activity of various aminopeptidases and genuine dipeptidases in dogs and in humans. A dipeptidase was found specific by its independence of the C-terminal configuration of the peptide. This peptidase in an intrinsic membrane protein. Physiological significance of these enzymes is discussed.

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The activity of the small intestine's enzymes realising final stages of nutrients hydrolysis was studied in herbivorous, omnivorous and carnivorous animals. The small intestine's enzyme spectrum corresponded to the food specialisation of the animals. The proximal-distal gradient of the distribution of digestive enzymes along the small intestine has both some similar features and certain differences.

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Proceeding from the newly obtained evidence on the distribution of digestive enzymes in mucosal, submucosal and muscular layers of the small intestine in rats, a hypothesis has been formulated: in addition to the enterocyte enzyme complex forming the epithelial barrier, there seems to exist a postepithelial barrier formed by the enzymes localized in subepithelial structures. The efficiency of this second barrier was manifested by the study of the peptide hydrolysis and transport using everted intact and de-epithelialized intestinal sacs.

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Alpha-amylase was present in considerable amount in the chyme in rats both at rest and during digestion, in the latter case its level being increased. Activity of intrinsic intestinal enzymes dominated in the homogenate of the mucosa. Transition from fasting to feeding and digestion increased the level of alkaline phosphatase and dipeptidase activities in the homogenate of the mucosa. The data obtained suggest the final stages of biopolymers' hydrolysis to be localized in various enterocyte structures. The surface mucus, owing to absorbed pancreatic enzymes, binding proteins and other types of physiologically active molecules, is assumed to play the role of a specific molecular filter and take part in the initial stages of digestion.

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Vestibular disorders are observed in all cases of a mild craniocerebral injury and are often the only objective sign of the sustained trauma because loss of consciousness and neurological symptoms may not infrequently be absent. Vestibular disorders are manifested by a small clonic horizontal bilateral multiple nystagmus. The caloric test revealed bilateral elevation of the caloric nystagmus in terms of duration and nature, with a regular alteration of the nystagmic phases. From the 5th to the 10th day after the injury there was an increase in asymmetric caloric nystagmus. Mild craniocerebral injury was characterized by an increase in sensory and vegetative responses after calorization. Spontaneous nystagmus and bilateral hyperreflexia of the caloric nystagmus were most expressed in the first 4 days and an increase in sensory and vegetative reactions within the first 9 days. Two weeks after a mild craniocerebral injury the vestibular disturbances were completely or partially compensated for by all parameters, which was expressed in the disappearance of the spontaneous nystagmus and the predominance of the symmetrically inhibited caloric nystagmus in the absence of sensory-vegetative reactions. In patients with diseases involving the cerebral vessels, compensation of vestibular disorders following a mild injury tends to be slower.

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The critical review of generally accepted ideas on initial stages of digestion in higher animals is presented. A brief account is given of the hypothesis of the induced autolysis as an important mechanism of food assimilation. According to this hypothesis digestive juices (in addition to their enzyme activities) contain factors capable to induce the autolysis of food structures. An attempt was made to estimate the value of gastric secretions and induced autolysis in the splitting of complex biological food structures. The splitting of native structures of food object was found to be more effective and complete than the splitting of the same structures subjected to heat denaturation. The results obtained suggest that the initial stages of digestion should be considered as a complex process provided both with the enzymes of gastric juice and with the enzymes of food itself, with lysosomal enzymes in particular.

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Investigations were carried out to evaluate the contents of glucose, total protein, total lipids and lipid fractions, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, carotene, and vitamin A in the blood of a total of 26 high-producing cows at various stages of pregnancy (5, 6, 7, and 9 months) and up to the 1-2nd, 3rd, and 4-5th month after calving. It was found that in the last month of pregnancy glucose dropped by more than 20 per cent, and the lipids--by more than twice as compared with the earlier periods of pregnancy. During the same period the total protein in the blood serum rose by more than 15 per cent, inorganic phosphorus--by 22 per cent, and magnesium--by 30 per cent. In the first two months after calving the content of glucose dropped by 65 per cent, of lipids--twice, of carotene--up to three times, and of vitamin A by more than 50 per cent as compared with the later periods after calving. The considerable changes in the various contents of the blood in the last month of pregnancy and the first months after calving was explained by the activation of the metabolic processes in the body of high-producing cows corresponding to their physiologic state--advanced pregnancy, and after calring--in the period of intense lactation.

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Studies were carried out with a total of 40 ketosis-affected cows and 40 normal (control) cows. It was found that with the diseased animals the blood level of sugar was lowered by 45 per cent, that of total protein--by 24 per cent, that of carotene and vitamin A--by more than twice, and that of inorganic phosphorus--by 20 per cent as against the blood indices with the control cows. In the same period the content of ketone bodies in the blood of ths affected cows increased 5 times, and in the urine it rose 6 times. With cows that had ketosis the cases of dystocia and retained placenta were 5 times more, still births were twice more, and the cases of diseased endometrium were 6 times more than those in the control cows. Respectively, cows that had manifested clinical ketosis showed longer independence period (by 22 days), longer service period (by 54 days), lack of estrus (in 20 per cent of the animals), and as many as 33.3 per cent of them failed to conceive and were culled. It was concluded that ketosis had unfavourably affected the normal course of the parturition process ++ and the conception of high-producing cows.

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In two series of experiments on rats, the effect of high protein as well as fat and carbohydrate diets of carbohydrases activity of the pancreas and the small intestine was studied; in the first series, the animals had the specialized diets for 4, 15 and 30 days, while in the second series--for 7 days. In the 1st series food composition produced an obvious effect on gamma--amylase, maltase and sacrase activities of the intestinal mucosa, whereas in the 2nd series the effect was insignificant which can be accounted for by somewhat different conditions of the experiments. The data suggest that adaptation of pancreatic and small intestine's enzyme systems to food composition should be considered an integrated reaction.

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