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The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of herbicides in association to control Rottboellia exaltata and Ipomoea quamoclit during pre-emergence while also to evaluate the potential impact on the sugarcane. The experimental design employed a randomized block with seven treatments and four replications. The treatments were: 1 - no herbicide application; 2 - indaziflam + sulfentrazone; 3 - indaziflam + diclosulam; 4 - indaziflam + tebuthiuron; 5 - flumioxazin + diclosulam, 6 - flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone and 7 - clomazone + sulfentrazone. The evaluated parameters were: percentage of weeds control, green coverage percentage (Canopeo® system), weed biomass (g m-2), itchgrass height, and sugarcane tiller. Several herbicide associations have been proven effective alternatives for managing itchgrass and cypressvine morningglory. The most successful treatments for itchgrass control were indaziflam + tebuthiuron (100%) and indaziflam + diclosulam (97%), whereas for cypressvine morningglory, the betters were indaziflam + sulfentrazone (97%), indaziflam + diclosulam (98%), indaziflam + tebuthiuron (97%), flumioxazin + diclosulam (94%), and clomazone + sulfentrazone (96%). All treatments reduced the weed biomass, with indaziflam + tebuthiuron being the safest option for protecting sugarcane.

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To obtain good control of wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla) in post-emergence in sugarcane crop, we evaluate the herbicides association on post-emergence of E. heterophylla and the ratoon cane selectivity. The experimental scheme was in randomized blocks with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were: control; ametryn + mesotrione + sulfentrazone (1,500 + 144 + 800 g i.a ha-1); ametryn + mesotrione + diclosulan (1,500 + 144 + 200 g i.a ha-1); ametryn + mesotrione (2,500 + 144 g i.a ha-1: Highest dose); ametryn + mesotrione (2,000 + 144 g i.a ha-1: Lowest dose) and ametryn + mesotrione + diuron (1,000 + 144 + 1,250 g i.a ha-1). The percentage of control, dry mass, height and percentage of germination of E. heterophylla and injury level, yield and technological quality of sugarcane were evaluated. The best control of E. heterophylla was: ametryn + mesotrione +sulfentrazone; ametryn + mesotrione + diclosulan and ametryn + mesotrione (Lowest dose). As for the ratoon cane selectivity the best yield was achieved with the association ametryn + mesotrione +diclosulan. An appropriate association of herbicide molecules provides successful control of E. heterophylla, especially the association of sulfentrazone or diclosulan together with ametryn and mesotrione.

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Anthracnose, caused by fungi of the genus Colletotrichum, is present in the main areas where rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) are planted. Thus, considering that biological agents can be an alternative for disease control, the present study aimed to carry out initial studies to investigate the response of rubber tree seedlings inoculated with Colletotrichum and treated with saprobes fungi from the semiarid region of Northeast Brazil (Curvularia eragrostidis, Memnoniella levispora, Myrothecium roridum and Phialomyces macrosporus). Seedlings of the rubber tree clone RRIM600 were sprayed with biocontrol agents as preventive and curative treatments seven days before and after C. tamarilloi inoculation, respectively. Assessments included plant response to disease expression based on the percentage of symptomatic area on treated leaves, percentage of graft death, and percentage of apical death in seedlings 30 days after inoculation with C. tamarilloi. In addition, the enzymes peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) had their activity quantified by their association with plant resistance to pathogens. The fungus C. eragrostidis had the best result in controlling anthracnose when applied as a preventive treatment, showing 10% less disease than the untreated plant. The same was observed for the fungus P. macrosporus when used in the curative form. These fungi also reduced the graft death. In these cases, PAL activity was higher and may be linked to the induction of resistance against the pathogen. The peroxidase activity was not expressive for treatments with saprobic fungi in the periods studied. Therefore, among the tested fungi, C. eragrostidis and P. macrosporus are promising for the control of anthracnose, deserving further studies.

RESUMEN

The aim of this research was to verify the effect of glyphosate low doses on leaf macronutrient levels and vegetative traits of upland rice in two growth stages. The treatments were arranged in 2 × 6 factorial scheme. The first factor consisted of applications in two growth stages of rice crop (tillering and floral differentiation) and the second factor was the low doses of glyphosate (0, 10, 20, 40, 70 and 100 g e.a. ha-1). In full bloom, the chlorophyll content was determined in a sample of 30 flag leaves. In these leaves, the contents of macronutrients were determined. At the maturity of the rice plant, the stem count was performed per m2, effective tiller and the plant height was measured. The low doses did not influence the leaf content of macronutrients. The plant height was reduced with an increase in the low doses of glyphosate, having a greater effect on the floral differentiation stage. When applied low doses of glyphosate at the floral differentiation stage, chlorophyll content increases and when applied to tillering there is a linear decrease in chlorophyll content. The number of stems increases with the application of low doses at floral differentiation.

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Glyphosate can generate positive effects on turfgrass maintenance as a form of growth control by decreasing the expenses associated with mowing. However, there is little information about the effects of this herbicide on turfgrasses. This study aimed to evaluate the response of bermudagrass and zoysiagrass to the herbicide glyphosate as a growth regulator. Two studies were performed in a greenhouse and repeated at different times. The treatments involved application of glyphosate at 10 different rates (0, 5.625, 11.25, 22.5, 45, 90, 180, 360, 720, and 1.440 g ae ha-1) with four replicates. Evaluations of green cover by digital analysis, injury, and plant height were performed at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after application, and shoot dry matter of clippings was determined for the last evaluation period. Bermudagrass and zoysiagrass presented variedtolerance to glyphosate toxicity. Overall, the digital analysis showed that green content was negatively influenced by the increase in visual injury caused by glyphosate application. Moreover, increasing the glyphosate rate decreased plant height and shoot dry matter in both turfgrasses. Glyphosate application rates up to 45 g ae ha-1 for bermudagrass and 90 g ae ha-1 for zoysiagrass decreased plant growth without affecting the factors analyzed in this study.

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Urochloa decumbens plants may be reached by herbicide drift from applications of glyphosate from neighboring areas or by variations during applications. Considering the different phenological stages and size of plants in these areas, the amount of active ingredient that reaches the plants probably varies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the application of different doses of glyphosate on U. decumbens plants. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted with two replications at different times. The first experiment evaluated the biological response of U. decumbens plants to glyphosate doses (0, 2.81, 5.63, 11.25, 22.5, 45, 90, 180, 360, 720, and 1,440 g a.e. ha-1), with six replications. The second experiment evaluated the response of U. decumbens plants to the application of a selected low dose of 11.25 g a.e. ha-1. Evaluations of injury were performed at 0, 7, 14, and 21 days after application, and dry weight of plants was determined for each evaluation period. U. decumbens plants increased in dry weight when using the glyphosate dose of 11.25 g a.e. ha-1. However, plants had different responses to the application of this low dose. It can promote both stimulation and inhibition of plant growth.

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O presente trabalho teve como objetivo quantificar o efeito proporcionado pela interação entre os herbicidas clethodim e paraquat associados com diferentes classes de adjuvantes na fitotoxicidade de Digitaria insularis no estádio de florescimento. Os herbicidas foram aplicados nas doses de 0; 6,25; 12,5; 25; 50; 75 e 100% da recomendada pelo fabricante, de forma isolada e em mistura com os adjuvantes: nonil fenoxi poli (etilenoxi) etanol (0,05%); copolímero de poliéter e silicone (0,1%); lecitina e ácido propiônico (0,5%) e óleo mineral (0,5%) no delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições em esquema fatorial (doses dos herbicidas x adjuvantes). O efeito fitotóxico foi visualmente avaliado aos 12 dias após aplicação (DAA) para o herbicida paraquat e aos 21 DAA para o herbicida clethodim. Verificou-se em plantas de D. insularis fitotoxidade potencializada para o herbicida clethodim nos tratamentos com os adjuvantes nonil fenoxi poli (etilenoxi) etanol, lecitina e ácido propiônico e óleo mineral .Para o herbicida paraquat, a potencialização da fitotoxicidade nas plantas de D. insularis foi proporcionada somente pelo tratamento com o adjuvante lecitina e ácido propiônico.

The aim of this paper was quantify the effect of the herbicides clethodim and paraquat associated with different adjuvants class on phytotoxicity of Digitaria insularis at flowering stage. The herbicides were applied at 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of recommended label isolated or associated with the adjuvants: nonylphenoxy polyethoxy ethanol at 0.05%; silicone polyether copolymer at 0.1%; lecithin-based adjuvant and acid propionic at 0.5% and mineral oil at 0.5%. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replications in factorial scheme (herbicides rates x adjuvants). The phytotoxicity effect was visually assessed for paraquat at 12 days after treatment (DAT) and at 21 DAT for clethodim. The treatments applied clethodim with the adjuvants nonylphenoxy polyethoxy ethanol, lecithin-based adjuvant and acid propionic and mineral oil significantly increased the phytotoxicity of D. insularis plants. For the paraquat the increase phytotoxicity of D. insularis plants was provided by the treatment with the lecithin-based and acid propionic adjuvant.

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RESUMEN

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo quantificar o efeito proporcionado pela interação entre os herbicidas clethodim e paraquat associados com diferentes classes de adjuvantes na fitotoxicidade de Digitaria insularis no estádio de florescimento. Os herbicidas foram aplicados nas doses de 0; 6,25; 12,5; 25; 50; 75 e 100% da recomendada pelo fabricante, de forma isolada e em mistura com os adjuvantes: nonil fenoxi poli (etilenoxi) etanol (0,05%); copolímero de poliéter e silicone (0,1%); lecitina e ácido propiônico (0,5%) e óleo mineral (0,5%) no delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições em esquema fatorial (doses dos herbicidas x adjuvantes). O efeito fitotóxico foi visualmente avaliado aos 12 dias após aplicação (DAA) para o herbicida paraquat e aos 21 DAA para o herbicida clethodim. Verificou-se em plantas de D. insularis fitotoxidade potencializada para o herbicida clethodim nos tratamentos com os adjuvantes nonil fenoxi poli (etilenoxi) etanol, lecitina e ácido propiônico e óleo mineral .Para o herbicida paraquat, a potencialização da fitotoxicidade nas plantas de D. insularis foi proporcionada somente pelo tratamento com o adjuvante lecitina e ácido propiônico.(AU)

The aim of this paper was quantify the effect of the herbicides clethodim and paraquat associated with different adjuvants class on phytotoxicity of Digitaria insularis at flowering stage. The herbicides were applied at 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of recommended label isolated or associated with the adjuvants: nonylphenoxy polyethoxy ethanol at 0.05%; silicone polyether copolymer at 0.1%; lecithin-based adjuvant and acid propionic at 0.5% and mineral oil at 0.5%. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replications in factorial scheme (herbicides rates x adjuvants). The phytotoxicity effect was visually assessed for paraquat at 12 days after treatment (DAT) and at 21 DAT for clethodim. The treatments applied clethodim with the adjuvants nonylphenoxy polyethoxy ethanol, lecithin-based adjuvant and acid propionic and mineral oil significantly increased the phytotoxicity of D. insularis plants. For the paraquat the increase phytotoxicity of D. insularis plants was provided by the treatment with the lecithin-based and acid propionic adjuvant.(AU)

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As all herbicides act on pathways or processes crucial to plants, in an inhibitory or stimulatory way, low rates of any herbicide might be used to modulate plant growth, development, or plant composition. Glyphosate is the most used herbicide in the world, and very low rates of this herbicide can stimulate plant growth, an effect called hormesis. Several studies have shown that glyphosate applications at low rates can increase plant growth, induce shikimic acid accumulation, increase photosynthesis and stomatal opening, increase seed production, and shorten the plant life cycle. Low rates of glyphosate applied to leaves have been reported to cause one or more of these effects in an expanding group of species. Under field conditions, pesticide rates are not uniform, causing some target organisms to receive rates that are low enough to cause hormesis. Until the present, low rates of glyphosate have not been recommended as a growth stimulant for crops, because the hormetic dose can vary considerably, depending on many factors. The objective of the present review is to summarize and analyze existing information about the hormetic effects of glyphosate on plants, thus contributing to understanding how glyphosate hormesis takes place and evaluating the potential use of glyphosate to stimulate plant growth. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

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The process of mechanical harvesting of sugarcane generates a large deposition of straw on the soil surface, providing a coverage that several studies have found important for reducing the weed population. Although such coverage reduces weed infestations, additional management, including chemical control, is still needed. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the leaching of atrazine, pendimethalin, metribuzin, clomazone, diuron and hexazinone in sugarcane straw. The experiment was conducted at the School of Agronomic Engineering at UNESP (Sao Paulo State University) - Botucatu/SP. The sugarcane straw was collected in the field, cut and placed in quantities of 10t ha-1 in the capsules used as experimental units. The experimental design was completely randomized, using six herbicide treatments and four replications. Within 24 hours after the herbicides were applied in capsules with straw, five different rainfalls (5, 10, 20, 50 and 100mm) were simulated. The leached water was collected for chromatographic analysis. The herbicide percentages that crossed the straw layer were statistically correlated with the rainfall amount by the Mitscherlich model that compares the facility of herbicide removal from sugarcane straw. In summary, pendimethalin did not present quantified transposition of the product by sugarcane straw even with a rain simulation of 100 mm. Furthermore, two different profiles of facility to transpose the herbicides in straw were found: one for metribuzin and hexazinone that crossed quickly through the straw layer and another for atrazine, diuron and clomazone that required more rainfall to be leached from coverage to the soil according to the maximum removable amount of each herbicide.(AU)

O processo de colheita mecanizada de cana-de-açúcar gera uma grande quantidade de palhada depositada na superfície do solo e vários trabalhos destacam a importância da manutenção dessas coberturas em sistemas de cana crua, com destaque na redução da população de plantas daninhas. Mas, apesar de a cobertura vegetal reduzir a infestação das plantas daninhas, medidas complementares, como o controle químico, ainda são necessárias. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a transposição dos herbicidas atrazine, pendimethalin, metribuzin, clomazone, diuron e hexazinone em palha de cana-de-açúcar. O experimento foi desenvolvido na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP - Botucatu/SP. A palha da cana-de-açúcar foi coletada em campo, cortada e colocada em quantidades de 10t ha-1 em recipientes plásticos utilizados como unidades experimentais. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualisado, e foram testados seis tratamentos (atrazine, pendimethalin, metribuzin, clomazone, diuron e hexazinone) e quatro repetições. Nas cápsulas com palha e pulverizadas, foi realizado, no período de 24 horas após a aplicação, a simulação de diferentes lâminas de chuva (5, 10, 20, 50 e 100mm) e coletada a água lixiviada para posterior quantificação cromatográfica. Como análise estatística, os herbicidas foram correlacionados com as lâminas de chuva e foi usado o modelo de Mitscherlich para ajuste dos dados, que permitiu comparar a facilidade de remoção dos herbicidas pela palha. Em síntese, para o pendimethalin, não se observou transposição quantificada do produto pela palha de cana-de-açúcar, mesmo com uma lâmina de 100mm de chuva. Foram encontrados dois perfis diferentes de facilidade de transposição dos herbicidas em palha: um para o metribuzin e hexazinone, que passaram rapidamente pela camada de palha, e outro para atrazine, clomazone e diuron, que precisaram de uma quantidade superior de chuva para serem lixiviados da cobertura vegetal, em função da quantidade máxima removível dos herbicidas.(AU)

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RESUMEN

The process of mechanical harvesting of sugarcane generates a large deposition of straw on the soil surface, providing a coverage that several studies have found important for reducing the weed population. Although such coverage reduces weed infestations, additional management, including chemical control, is still needed. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the leaching of atrazine, pendimethalin, metribuzin, clomazone, diuron and hexazinone in sugarcane straw. The experiment was conducted at the School of Agronomic Engineering at UNESP (Sao Paulo State University) - Botucatu/SP. The sugarcane straw was collected in the field, cut and placed in quantities of 10t ha-1 in the capsules used as experimental units. The experimental design was completely randomized, using six herbicide treatments and four replications. Within 24 hours after the herbicides were applied in capsules with straw, five different rainfalls (5, 10, 20, 50 and 100mm) were simulated. The leached water was collected for chromatographic analysis. The herbicide percentages that crossed the straw layer were statistically correlated with the rainfall amount by the Mitscherlich model that compares the facility of herbicide removal from sugarcane straw. In summary, pendimethalin did not present quantified transposition of the product by sugarcane straw even with a rain simulation of 100 mm. Furthermore, two different profiles of facility to transpose the herbicides in straw were found: one for metribuzin and hexazinone that crossed quickly through the straw layer and another for atrazine, diuron and clomazone that required more rainfall to be leached from coverage to the soil according to the maximum removable amount of each herbicide.

O processo de colheita mecanizada de cana-de-açúcar gera uma grande quantidade de palhada depositada na superfície do solo e vários trabalhos destacam a importância da manutenção dessas coberturas em sistemas de cana crua, com destaque na redução da população de plantas daninhas. Mas, apesar de a cobertura vegetal reduzir a infestação das plantas daninhas, medidas complementares, como o controle químico, ainda são necessárias. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a transposição dos herbicidas atrazine, pendimethalin, metribuzin, clomazone, diuron e hexazinone em palha de cana-de-açúcar. O experimento foi desenvolvido na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP - Botucatu/SP. A palha da cana-de-açúcar foi coletada em campo, cortada e colocada em quantidades de 10t ha-1 em recipientes plásticos utilizados como unidades experimentais. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualisado, e foram testados seis tratamentos (atrazine, pendimethalin, metribuzin, clomazone, diuron e hexazinone) e quatro repetições. Nas cápsulas com palha e pulverizadas, foi realizado, no período de 24 horas após a aplicação, a simulação de diferentes lâminas de chuva (5, 10, 20, 50 e 100mm) e coletada a água lixiviada para posterior quantificação cromatográfica. Como análise estatística, os herbicidas foram correlacionados com as lâminas de chuva e foi usado o modelo de Mitscherlich para ajuste dos dados, que permitiu comparar a facilidade de remoção dos herbicidas pela palha. Em síntese, para o pendimethalin, não se observou transposição quantificada do produto pela palha de cana-de-açúcar, mesmo com uma lâmina de 100mm de chuva. Foram encontrados dois perfis diferentes de facilidade de transposição dos herbicidas em palha: um para o metribuzin e hexazinone, que passaram rapidamente pela camada de palha, e outro para atrazine, clomazone e diuron, que precisaram de uma quantidade superior de chuva para serem lixiviados da cobertura vegetal, em função da quantidade máxima removível dos herbicidas.

RESUMEN

Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a tolerância ou susceptibilidade das espécies de capim-colchão (Digitaria ciliaris, D. horizontalis e D. nuda) a herbicidas inibidores do fotossistema II (FSII), por meio da técnica da fluorescência, utilizando a taxa de transferência de elétrons do FSII como indicador. Para isso, foi conduzido um experimento em esquema fatorial 3x6, com três espécies de capim-colchão e seis tratamentos (ametryn, hexazinone, diuron+hexazinone, amicarbazone, diuron, tebuthiuron e testemunha) aplicados em pós-emergência. Foi monitorada a taxa de transporte de elétrons (ETR) do FSII em intervalos de tempo crescente e aferida a massa seca das plantas aos 21 dias após a aplicação. A partir dos dados da ETR, calculou-se um valor numérico representativo da taxa de inativação da ETR. Os resultados demonstraram que todas as espécies de capim-colchão estudadas são susceptíveis aos herbicidas ametryn e hexazinone (valores da taxa de inativação da ETR superiores a 10.000). Os herbicidas diuron e tebuthiuron apresentaram menores taxas de inativação da ETR para a D. nuda (3.585 e 3.497, respectivamente) e maiores para as espécies D. ciliaris e D. horizontalis (acima de 10.000), enquanto que o herbicida amicarbazone apresentou valor intermediário para D. nuda (7.967). O monitoramento da ETR foi eficiente para verificar a atuação dos herbicidas nas diferentes espécies estudadas.(AU)

This study aimed to investigate the tolerance or susceptibility of crabgrass species (Digitaria ciliaris, D. horizontalis and D. nuda) to herbicides that target photosystem II (PSII), by fluorescence technique using the electron transport rate (ETR) through PSII as an indicator. An experiment was conducted under a factorial arrange (3x6), with three species of crabgrass and six treatments (ametryn, hexazinone, diuron+hexazinone, amicarbazone, diuron, tebuthiuron and control) applied in post-emergence. The ETR through PSII was monitored over time and the plants dry weight measured at 21 days after application. A numerical value of the ETR inactivation was calculated from the data collected. The results showed that the three crabgrass species studied are susceptible to ametryn and hexazinone (ETR inactivation value higher than 10,000). Moreover, diuron and tebuthiuron provided lower ETR inactivation for D. nuda (3,585 and 3,497, respectively) and higher rates for D. horizontalis and D. ciliaris (more than 10,000), whereas amicarbazone showed intermediate inactivation rate for D. nuda (7,967). Monitoring the ETR showed to be an efficient form to verify the herbicides performance in the different species studied here.(AU)

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Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a tolerância ou susceptibilidade das espécies de capim-colchão (Digitaria ciliaris, D. horizontalis e D. nuda) a herbicidas inibidores do fotossistema II (FSII), por meio da técnica da fluorescência, utilizando a taxa de transferência de elétrons do FSII como indicador. Para isso, foi conduzido um experimento em esquema fatorial 3x6, com três espécies de capim-colchão e seis tratamentos (ametryn, hexazinone, diuron+hexazinone, amicarbazone, diuron, tebuthiuron e testemunha) aplicados em pós-emergência. Foi monitorada a taxa de transporte de elétrons (ETR) do FSII em intervalos de tempo crescente e aferida a massa seca das plantas aos 21 dias após a aplicação. A partir dos dados da ETR, calculou-se um valor numérico representativo da taxa de inativação da ETR. Os resultados demonstraram que todas as espécies de capim-colchão estudadas são susceptíveis aos herbicidas ametryn e hexazinone (valores da taxa de inativação da ETR superiores a 10.000). Os herbicidas diuron e tebuthiuron apresentaram menores taxas de inativação da ETR para a D. nuda (3.585 e 3.497, respectivamente) e maiores para as espécies D. ciliaris e D. horizontalis (acima de 10.000), enquanto que o herbicida amicarbazone apresentou valor intermediário para D. nuda (7.967). O monitoramento da ETR foi eficiente para verificar a atuação dos herbicidas nas diferentes espécies estudadas.

This study aimed to investigate the tolerance or susceptibility of crabgrass species (Digitaria ciliaris, D. horizontalis and D. nuda) to herbicides that target photosystem II (PSII), by fluorescence technique using the electron transport rate (ETR) through PSII as an indicator. An experiment was conducted under a factorial arrange (3x6), with three species of crabgrass and six treatments (ametryn, hexazinone, diuron+hexazinone, amicarbazone, diuron, tebuthiuron and control) applied in post-emergence. The ETR through PSII was monitored over time and the plants dry weight measured at 21 days after application. A numerical value of the ETR inactivation was calculated from the data collected. The results showed that the three crabgrass species studied are susceptible to ametryn and hexazinone (ETR inactivation value higher than 10,000). Moreover, diuron and tebuthiuron provided lower ETR inactivation for D. nuda (3,585 and 3,497, respectively) and higher rates for D. horizontalis and D. ciliaris (more than 10,000), whereas amicarbazone showed intermediate inactivation rate for D. nuda (7,967). Monitoring the ETR showed to be an efficient form to verify the herbicides performance in the different species studied here.