RESUMEN
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide and is detected in late stages because of a lack of early and specific biomarkers. Tumors can release extracellular vesicles (EVs), which participate in different functions, such as carrying nucleic acids to target cells; promoting angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis; and preparing an adequate tumor microenvironment. Finally, bowel lavage fluid (BLF) is a rarely used sample that is obtained during colonoscopy. It presents low variability and protein degradation, is easy to handle, and is representative of EVs from tumor cells due to proximity of the sample collection. This sample has potential as a research tool and possible biomarker source for CRC prognosis and monitoring. In this study, EVs were isolated from human BLF by ultracentrifugation, then characterized by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. EV concentration was determined by nanoparticle tracking analysis, and tetraspanins were determined by Western blot, confirming correct EV isolation. RNA, DNA, and proteins were isolated from these EVs; RNA was used in real-time PCR, and proteins were used in an immunoblotting analysis, indicating that EV cargo is optimal for use and study. These results indicate that EVs from BLF can be a useful tool for CRC study and could be a source of biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of CRC.
Asunto(s)
Vesículas Extracelulares , Neoplasias , Humanos , Irrigación Terapéutica , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Vesículas Extracelulares/metabolismo , ARN/metabolismo , Microambiente TumoralRESUMEN
Las infecciones intrahospitalarias (IIH) constituyen un gran problema de salud pública, no solo por su alta frecuencia, sino por sus consecuencias que se traducen en términos de morbi-mortalidad, aumento de costos y prolongación de estancia hospitalaria. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de ITUIHen los servicios de hospitalización de medicina, así como las características demográficas, factores asociados, gérmenes más frecuentemente aislados y la resistencia antibiótica de los mismos. Materiales y Métodos: Serealizó un estudio de corte transversal durante 48 horas en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia. Los pacientes con ITU IH: sintomática y bacteriuria asintomática, fueron seleccionados de acuerdo los criterios clínicos y laboratoriales del Centro de Control de Enfermedades (CDC). Resultados: La frecuencia de casos de ITUIH, sintomática y bacteriurias asintomaticas, fue de 12%. Solo tuberculosis y la enfermedad nefrourológica estuvieron relacionados en forma independiente a la presencia de ITU-IH. El germen más frecuente fue E.coli seguido de Klebsiella pneumoniae. De las cepas de E.coli aisladas fueron resistentes a ciprofloxacina 5/5, ceftriaxona 3/5, amikacina y gentamicina 1/5. Conclusiones: La frecuencia de ITU-IH fue 12 por ciento. Las cepas de E. coli aisladas mostraron resistencia alta para antibióticos de primera línea como ciprofloxacina y ceftriaxona, sin embargo alta sensibilidad para aminoglicosidos.
Nosocomial infections (NI) represent a major problem of public health not only due to its high frequency, but to its consequences reflected in terms of morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stay and healthcare costs, variables used as indicators of health services quality. Objective: To determine the frequency of nosocomial urinary tract infection (NUTI) at the medicine services at a general hospital, the most frequent microorganism isolated, its antibiotic sensibility, related factors, and the patientÆs demographic characteristics. Material and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 48 hours at the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia. Were selected all the patients with symptomatic NUTI and asymptomatic bacteriuria according to the standard definition of the Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC). Results: Including patients with symptomatic NUTI and asymptomatic bacteriuria the frequency was 12 per cent. Tuberculosis and nephro-urologic disease were releated in independent form to NUTI presence. The most frequent microorganism isolated was E. coli followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Of the E.coli isolated, were resistant to ciprofloxacin 5/5, ceftriaxone 3/5, amikacin and gentamicin 1/5. Conclusions: Our NUTI frequency was 12%. The stocks of E. coli isolatedshowed high resistance to first-line antibiotics like ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone, but high sensibility to aminoglicosides.