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Fear of crime can influence our view of and experience with the world around us. This can be problematic for individuals seeking physical activity, including from walk commuting. Prior work shows fear is especially evident among women, who report fear of rape and sexual abuse by men as a primary concern. We present the results of a cross-sectional survey (n = 571) where participants were shown images from college campus (n = 4 campuses) depicting different lighting (daytime, nighttime), and entrapment levels (high, low; i.e., able to easily escape if needed, with high entrapment being difficult and low being easy), and using the Qualtrics heat map tool, selected features that stood out to them most. Data were segregated by gender and analyzed to determine similarity of heat maps for the same base image. Heat map images were analyzed using canonical correlation (Rc) to determine the relationship between the two groups; dispersion testing to decipher spatial uniformity within the images; the Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) to characterize the nature of image patterns differences; and, the Breslow-Day Test to specify pattern locations within images. Several heat map images are also presented in the results. Overall, female and male participants appear to "see" different things when imagining walk-commuting (as seen by poor Rc values) and the nature of what they were looking at were different (as seen by poor SSIM values). Female participants tended to focus on areas outside the walking path, such as bushes and dark areas, whereas men's focus was on the path ahead [χ2(1) = 4.29, p = 0.04]. Furthermore, women were more likely to select areas outside the walking path during high entrapment settings [χ2(1) = 15.49, p < 0.001] and at nighttime [χ2(1) = 4.98, p = 0.02]. Our study demonstrates point-of-view differences in female-male walking space assessments. Viewing walking safety through the lens of lived experience could be productive for holistic community walking safety.

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OBJECTIVE: To understand the experiences in nursing care in the prevention and treatment of delirium in people hospitalized in intensive care units. METHODOLOGY: Hermeneutic phenomenological qualitative study. The selection of participants was by intentional sampling: seven nursing assistants and eight nurses. Theoretical saturation was achieved. The phenomenological interview was applied to collect data from a central question and the analysis was carried out following the approaches of Heidegger's hermeneutical circle. RESULTS: Four significant themes emerged from the analysis: (1) delirium prevention, (2) pharmacological treatment, (3) non-pharmacological treatment, and (4) barriers to non-pharmacological treatment. These themes were accompanied by 35 interrelated units of meaning: in the first theme, the most repetitive units were communication, orientation, and family bonding; in the second was the use of pharmacological treatment only in the acute phase; in the third was the modification of the environment according to the patient's preference (where the family is a priority and strategies that provide cognitive and social stimulation can be reinforced), and in the fourth was the work overload for the nursing team. CONCLUSIONS: The experiences of the nursing team in the prevention and treatment of delirium in critically ill patients highlight that communication allows an approach to the patient as a human being immersed in a reality, with a personal history, needs and preferences. Therefore, family members must be involved in these scenarios, as they can complement and support nursing care.

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The aim was to analyze the quality of commercial shampoo without prophylactic effect for dogs. The analysis was based on the evaluations and requirements established for human-line products since there is no guide for veterinary products in Mexico; such evaluations have not been carried out or published in Mexico. Physicochemical, sensory, performance, and consumer information tests of the shampoo were carried out. The sample consisted of twenty products marketed in Mexico City. During the evaluation of the label, a serious non-compliance with applicable regulations was found. The pH of the products ranged between 5.6 and 8.4; Significant differences (p⟨0.05) were found between the three groups with low (6.1), medium (7.2), and high (8.1) pH. Viscosity values were from 1131 to 3102. For the foam index, no statistically significant differences were found. 100% of the products analyzed complied with the rest of the quality tests carried out. The results of the quality analysis in this study will allow veterinarians specializing in small species to better select and recommend the products for their use and inform dog owners, about the safety, and value of the products.

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Objetivo:Comprender las vivencias del cuidado de enfermería frente a la prevención y el tratamiento del delirium en personas hospitalizadas en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Metodología:Estudio cualitativo fenomenológico hermenéutico. La selección de participantes fue por muestreo intencionado: 7 auxiliares de enfermería y 8 enfermeras. Se logró la saturación teórica. Se aplicó la entrevista fenomenológica para la recolección de datos a partir de una pregunta central, y el análisis se realizó siguiendo los planteamientos del círculo hermenéutico de Heidegger. Resultados: Del análisis, emergieron 4 temas significativos: 1) Prevención del delirium, 2) Tratamiento farmacológico, 3) Tratamiento no farmacológico y 4) Barreras para el tratamiento no farmacológico. Estos temas estuvieron acompañados de 35 unidades de significado vinculadas entre sí: en el primer tema, las unidades más reiterativas fueron comunicación, orientación y vinculación de la familia; en el segundo tema fue el uso de tratamiento farmacológico solo en fase aguda; en el tercer tema fue la modificación del ambiente según preferencia del paciente (donde la familia es prioritaria y permite reforzar estrategias que brinden una estimulación cognitiva y social), y en el cuarto tema fue la sobrecarga laboral para el equipo de enfermería. Conclusiones: Las experiencias del equipo de enfermería en la prevención y el tratamiento del delirium en pacientes críticos destacan que la comunicación permite un acercamiento al paciente como ser humano inmerso en una realidad, con una historia personal, con necesidades y preferencias. Por lo tanto, en estos escenarios debe vincularse su familia, ya que puede complementar y apoyar del cuidado de enfermería.(AU)

Objective: To understand the experiences in nursing care in the prevention and treatment of delirium in people hospitalized in intensive care units. Methodology: Hermeneutic phenomenological qualitative study. The selection of participants was by intentional sampling: seven nursing assistants and eight nurses. Theoretical saturation was achieved. The phenomenological interview wasapplied to collect data from a central question and the analysis was carried out following the approaches of Heidegger's hermeneutical circle. Results: Four significant themes emerged from the analysis: 1) Delirium prevention, 2) Pharmacological treatment, 3) Non-pharmacological treatment, and 4) Barriers to non-pharmacological treatment. These themes were accompanied by 35 interrelated units of meaning: in the first theme, the most repetitive units were communication, orientation, and family bonding; in the second was the use of pharmacological treatment only in the acute phase; in the third was the modification of the environment according to the patient's preference (where the family is a priority and strategies that provide cognitive and social stimulation can be reinforced), and in the fourth was the work overload for the nursing team. Conclusions: The experiences of the nursing team in the prevention and treatment of delirium in critically ill patients highlight that communication allows an approach to the patient as a human being immersed in a reality, with a personal history, needs and preferences. Therefore, family members must be involved in these scenarios, as they can complement and support nursing care.(AU)

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OBJECTIVE: To understand the experiences in nursing care in the prevention and treatment of delirium in people hospitalized in intensive care units. METHODOLOGY: Hermeneutic phenomenological qualitative study. The selection of participants was by intentional sampling: seven nursing assistants and eight nurses. Theoretical saturation was achieved. The phenomenological interview was applied to collect data from a central question and the analysis was carried out following the approaches of Heidegger's hermeneutical circle. RESULTS: Four significant themes emerged from the analysis: 1) Delirium prevention, 2) Pharmacological treatment, 3) Non-pharmacological treatment, and 4) Barriers to non-pharmacological treatment. These themes were accompanied by 35 interrelated units of meaning: in the first theme, the most repetitive units were communication, orientation, and family bonding; in the second was the use of pharmacological treatment only in the acute phase; in the third was the modification of the environment according to the patient's preference (where the family is a priority and strategies that provide cognitive and social stimulation can be reinforced), and in the fourth was the work overload for the nursing team. CONCLUSIONS: The experiences of the nursing team in the prevention and treatment of delirium in critically ill patients highlight that communication allows an approach to the patient as a human being immersed in a reality, with a personal history, needs and preferences. Therefore, family members must be involved in these scenarios, as they can complement and support nursing care.

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An unusual mortality event (UME) attributed to morbillivirus infection was identified in two Guiana dolphin populations from the Southeastern Brazilian coast. The aim of this study was to characterize total mercury (THg), methylmercury (MeHg) and selenium (Se) bioaccumulation and body burden in Guiana dolphins from Sepetiba Bay (RJ) collected before (n = 61) and during the UME (n = 20). Significantly lower Se concentrations were found in the livers of individuals collected during the UME (Mann-Whitney test; p = 0.03), probably due to impairment of the detoxification process in the liver. There were differences in THg and Se concentrations in the organs and tissues of individuals (Kruskal-Wallis test, p < 0.05), but not MeHg (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.07). For THg, the liver showed the higher concentrations and differed among organs and tissues analyzed such as blubber (Tukey's test for unequal N; p = 0.003). For Se concentrations, the skin and kidney presented the higher concentrations and varied among other tissues/organs, like muscle (Tukey's test for unequal N; p = 0.02). Differences in body burdens were observed among specimens collected previously and during the UME probably due to the remobilization and transport of the muscle-stored MeHg to other tissues/organs. This abrupt input of MeHg into the bloodstream may cause serious health damage. Indeed, evidences of methylmercury intoxication was observed in Guiana dolphins in Sepetiba Bay. In conclusion, bioaccumulation patterns, the detoxification process and body burden were affected by morbillivirus.

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OBJECTIVE: To establish the presence of alarm fatigue, the clinical relevance of alarms and the stimulus-response time of the health team in an Adult Intensive Care Unit. METHOD: Descriptive, quantitative, observational study, developed in the Multipurpose Adult Intensive Care Unit. Population made up of health personnel and the ICU teams. The method used was non-participant observation. Follow-up was carried out over 120 hours in three months. The variables studied were number of alarms activated, time elapsed between the alert sound of the blood pressure parameter, heart rate and oximetry and the response of the health personnel who attended the alarm. A descriptive statistical analysis was carried out. RESULTS: 5,147 alarms were detected, on average 43 alarms / hour, of these 52.8% corresponded to multiparameter monitors and the rest to other equipment. Of those generated by multiparameter monitors, 37.3% were blood pressure, 33.4% oximetry and 29.3% heart rate. The clinical relevance was low in 42.7%, medium in 49.8% and high in 7.5%. The stimulus response time was between 0 and 60 seconds for 37% of the alarms; however, 42.5% had no response, which is why they are considered fatigued. A statistically significant relationship was found between the response time and the clinical relevance of the alarms (p = .000). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of alarm fatigue was evident; with predominance of clinical relevance in the middle and low ranges. The health personnel responded within the time established for timely attention to the non-fatigued alarms.

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Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a fungi-related, obligate, zoonotic, spore-forming intracellular eukaryotic microorganism. This emerging pathogen causes granulomas to form in the brain and kidneys of infected individuals. The objective of the current study was to detect the distribution of TNF-α- and IL-4-positive cells using immunohistochemistry within these granulomas in both infected immunocompetent (group A) and immunosuppressed (group B) New Zealand white rabbits. In the brain, labeled TNF-α immune cells were mainly located in the granuloma peripheries in group B. Granulomas examined in the kidneys of groups A and B were TNF-α positive, but were significantly different (p < 0.001) when compared with the brain. IL-4-producing immune cells in the brain and kidneys were disseminated within granulomas in groups A and B; however, no significant difference (p > 0.05), was observed. IL-4 positive cells were more numerous in brain sections of group B and differed significantly (p < 0.05) when compared with kidneys. Granulomas were not observed in control animals (groups C and D). In conclusion, we identified TNF-α positive cells in both the brain and kidneys of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed animals; IL-4 positive cells were numerous in the brains of immunosuppressed rabbits; however, in terms of percentage were numerous in the brains of immunocompetent rabbits. Immunosuppression appeared to stimulate a change in the cellular phenotype of Th1- to Th2-like granulomas in the brain and kidneys via an unknown mechanism. Expression of pro- and pre-inflammatory cytokines in microsporidian granulomas suggests a mechanism by which E. cuniculi evades the immune response, causing more severe disease. These results increase our understanding of TNF-α and IL-4-positive cells within the E. cuniculi granuloma microenvironment.

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Encephalitozoon cuniculi (E. cuniculi) is a fungi-related, obligate, zoonotic, spore-forming intracellular eukaryotic microorganism. This emerging pathogen causes granulomas in brain and kidneys of infected individuals. The objective of this study was to detect the distribution of CD4, CD8 and MHCII-positive cells within granulomas in these organs in infected immunocompetent (group A) and infected immunosuppressed (group B) New Zealand white rabbits using immunohistochemistry. In brain, labeled CD4 immune cells were mainly located in the periphery of granulomas in group B. Kidneys of groups A and B, displayed CD4-positive in granulomas and were significant different when compared to brain. CD8 immune cells in brain and kidneys were disseminated in the granulomas in groups A and B; however, no significant difference was observed. MHCII-positive cells were more numerous in brain sections of group B and were significantly different when compared to kidney sections. Granulomas were not observed in control animals of group C and D. In conclusion, we identified CD4-positive cells in both the brain and kidneys of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed animals; CD8-positive cells were more numerous in brain of immunosuppressed rabbits and MHCII cells were more predominant in brain of immunocompetent rabbits. Apparently, the immunosuppression stimulated a change in the cellular phenotype of Th1- to Th2-like granulomas in brain and kidneys by an unknown mechanism. These results increase our understanding of CD4, CD8 and MHCII positive cells within the E. cuniculi granuloma microenvironment and will help in future microsporidian granulomas studies of both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed individuals.

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Encephalitozoon cuniculi is an obligate macrophage parasite of vertebrates that commonly infects rodents, monkeys, dogs, birds, and humans. In the present study, we aimed to assess the phagocytosis and intracellular survival of E. cuniculi spores using untreated and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated J774A.1 murine macrophages and assess the macrophage viability. The experimental groups comprised untreated spores, spores killed by heat treatment at 90 °C, and spores killed by treatment with 10% formalin. LPS-activated macrophages significantly increased the phagocytosis of spores and reduced their intracellular growth after 24 and 48 h (P < 0.01); however, after 72 h, we observed an increase in spore replication but no detectable microbicidal activity. These results indicate that LPS activation enhanced E. cuniculi phagocytosis between 24 and 48 h of treatment, but the effect was lost after 72 h, enabling parasitic growth. This study contributes to the understanding of the phagocytosis and survival of E. cuniculi in murine macrophages.

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We provide the first report of Acanthocephala ( Prosthenorchis elegans) in Mexican non-human primates. There has been no known treatment against this parasite except for surgical removal, and this has been relatively ineffective because of the small juveniles. We report the presence of P. elegans in a captive breeding colony of squirrel monkeys ( Saimiri sciureus) in Mexico, and we describe a successful treatment protocol. Treatment involved 2 steps: oral administration of the drugs loperamide chlorhydrate (0.5 mg/0.9 kg/3 days) and niclosamide (0.2 mg/0.9 kg/3 days) followed by surgical removal of adult worms from the intestine. Fecal examination during treatment revealed live adults but no living juveniles and no eggs. Surgery after 1 wk of treatment revealed the presence of adults and an absence of juvenile parasites. All adults were physically extracted during the surgery. All subjects recovered from surgery within 1 wk.

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BACKGROUND: Increased prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in women and perimenstrually accentuated symptoms imply that sexual hormones play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of such syndromes. The aim of this study was to analyze the selective effect of estrogen on visceral sensitivity in gonadectomized female and male Lewis rats with or without prior treatment with butyrate enemas. METHODS: Following ovariectomy (OVX) or orchiectomy (ORX) estradiol pellets (E2-P) or sham pellets (Sham-P) were implanted. After treatment with butyrate (BUT) or saline (NaCl) enemas, colorectal distensions (CRD) were performed and the visceromotor reflex (VMR) to CRD was measured by electromyography. KEY RESULTS: Gender did not influence VMR to CRD in gonadectomized animals. VMR in E2-P animals compared to Sham-P animals was increased (635 ± 32 µVs vs 470 ± 39 µVs; p = 0.002). Overall, instillation of butyrate enemas did not influence VMR to CRD. A comparison of CRD clusters showed that butyrate enemas in the E2-P animals resulted in a significant sensitization in both OVX and ORX animals. In female rats, sensitization was also caused by estrogen substitution alone. CONCLUSION & INFERENCES: In our animal model, estrogen is a strong factor for an increase in visceral sensory function. Surprisingly, the treatment with butyrate alone did not evoke a general rise in VMR to CRD. Rats treated with butyrate enemas and under selective estrogen substitution developed visceral sensitization during the series of CRDs.

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The exceptional porosity of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) could be harnessed for countless practical applications. However, one of the challenges currently precluding the industrial exploitation of these materials is a lack of green methods for their synthesis. Since green synthetic methods obviate the use of organic solvents, they are expected to reduce the production costs, safety hazards and environmental impact typically associated with MOF fabrication. Herein we describe the stepwise optimisation of reaction parameters (pH, reagent concentrations and reaction time) for the room temperature, water-based synthesis of several members of the CPO-27/MOF-74-M series of MOFs, including ones made from Mg(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Zn(II) ions. Using this method, we built MOFs with excellent BET surface areas and unprecedented Space-Time Yields (STYs). Employing this approach, we have synthesised CPO-27-M MOFs with record BET surface areas, including 1279 m2 g-1 (CPO-27-Zn), 1351 m2 g-1 (CPO-27-Ni), 1572 m2 g-1 (CPO-27-Co), and 1603 m2 g-1 (CPO-27-Mg). We anticipate that our method could be applied to produce CPO-27-Ni, -Mg, -Co and -Zn with STYs of 44 Kg m-3 day-1, 191 Kg m-3 day-1, 1462 Kg m-3 day-1 and a record 18720 Kg m-3 day-1, respectively.

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The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of, and the factors associated with HIV testing and pre- and post-test counselling (PPTC) in Colombia. Cross-sectional data from the National Health Survey carried out during 2007 were analysed. Data were gathered from records of 29,760 individuals between the ages of 18 and 69 from the main regions of the country. Only 19.7% of the sample had taken an HIV test. Men, people with no education, those not affiliated with the health-care system, residents of rural areas and those aged older than 65 were less likely to have been tested for HIV; 42% of those tested did not receive pre-test counselling and 56.9% received no report of the results. Considering the low prevalence of HIV testing among the Colombian population, it is necessary to design and apply guidelines for HIV screening in all health-care settings and to conduct targeted testing in high-risk sub-populations. A national norm of PPTC in those who undergo HIV testing should be examined.

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En la periodoncia moderna, el concepto de biopelículas viene en un progreso tan abrumador quela capacidad de discusión se hace necesaria y completamente indispensable, de forma que se pueda actualizar y cambiar de una idea de placa bacteriana a un concepto mucho más complejo, dinámico y de intercambio génico que lo que se viene estableciendo. Las biopelículas muestran una organización no al azar, con una forma de crecimiento y de sostenibilidad muy avanzada y estructurada que facilita la supervivencia de los patógenos incluidos dentro de estas formas de asociación. El presente artículo es una revisión narrativa de los mecanismos de como el quórum sensing y las biopelículas se relacionan con las enfermedades periodontales que afectan a tantas personas en todas las latitudes a nivel mundial. Se exploran diversos conceptos y campos de investigación biomédicas con posibles aplicaciones a nivel experimental (AU)

In modern periodontics, we must check continuously many concepts that are driving some time, which does not allow the progress and development of many structures of thinking in solving problems such as periodontal disease in all its various forms presentation. The concept of biofilms is in progress so overwhelming that the ability of discussion is completely necessary and indispensable, so that you can update and change a plaque idea to a concept much more complex, dynamic, and that genetic exchange what has been established to date. Biofilms are a non-random, is a form of growth and sustainability quite advanced and structured to facilitate the survival of the pathogens included in these partnerships. This article is a narrative review, mechanisms such as quorum sensing, biofilms and the relationship of these with periodontal diseases that affect many people at all latitudes worldwide. It explores various concepts and research areas with potential application in biomedical experimentation level (AU)

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La periodontitis resulta en un daño tisular complejo en las estructuras de soporte dentario debido al efecto de la respuesta inmune. Sin embargo, la naturaleza de los componentes de este proceso son interés de muchos investigadores y se determinaron a través de estudios experimentales algunas moléculas de carácter proteínico que activan y/o regulan otras sustancias y/o células para el desarrollo de la lesión. El objetivo de esta revisión de literatura es conducir un análisis crítico de la evidencia disponible sobre las proteínas expresadas durante la periodontitis crónica y su correlación con los cambios clínicos producidos en las lesiones. Se identificaron las publicaciones más relevantes a través de una búsqueda en bases de datos electrónicas como MEDLINE, EBSCO-HOST y "The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews". Para ser incluidos en la revisión, los estudios debieron definir la proteína investigada, en pacientes con periodontitiscrónica. Los experimentos que investigaban proteínas expresadas en gingivitis y tumores fueron excluidos. De los 1210 artículos obtenidos en la fase inicial de la revisión, sólo 175 estaban disponibles en full text y de éstos sólo cumplieron los requisitos de inclusión 25 artículos, los cuales fueron confrontados, analizados y discutidos posteriormente. La evidencia disponible demuestra que las proteínas juegan un papel importante en la transducción de señales y que utilizan diversas vías para activar compuestos químicos y así contribuir al desarrollo de lesiones periodontales crónicas (AU)

Periodontitis is a complex tissue damage to the supporting structures of teeth due to the effect of the immune response. However, the nature of the components of this process are of interest to many researchers and were determined through experimental studies of some molecules that activate a protein or regulating other substances and cells for the development of the lesion. The aim of this literature review is to conduct a critical analysis of available evidence on the expressed proteins inchronic periodontitis and its clinical correlation with the changes produced in the lesions. We identified relevant publications through a search of electronic databases such as MEDLINE, EBSCOHOST, and The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. The search was conducted by two of the authors. To be included in the review, studies had to define the protein investigated in patients with chronic periodontitis. Experiments investigating protein expressed in gingivitis and tumors were excluded. Of the 1210 articles retrieved from the initial phase of the review, only 175 were available (..) (AU)

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A Southern two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus), originally acquired from French Guiana, died while maintained in quarantine in a pet store in Monterrey, Mexico. Large yeast cells with multiple buds compatible with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis were observed in disseminated granulomatous lesions in the lungs, liver, spleen and kidney. Transmission electron microscopical examination supported the diagnosis. This is the first report of paracoccidioidomycosis in a two-toed sloth.

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El síndrome de Rapunzel, corresponde a un raro fenómeno con pocos casos comunicados y descritos en la literatura mundial. Así pues, compartimos un nuevo caso. Se trata de paciente femenino de 6 años de edad, que consulta por presentar desde hace 2 meses crisis de epigastralgia, vómitos a repetición y pérdida de peso. Su sintomatología ha empeorado en la última semana y refiere sensación de masa en epigastrio. Como antecedente importante tricofagia de dos años de evolución. Al examen se palpa masa epigástrica alargada. Al ecosonograma abdominal se aprecia en epigastrio, en la zona que corresponde a la cámara gástrica, una línea hiperecogénica, curvilínea, discretamente heterogénea, que produce sombra acústica completa, sugestivo de masa ecogénica de más de 5 cm de longitud . La radiología de estómago muestra una imagen de defecto que se extiende desde el cuerpo hasta la región antropilórica, de 6 x 4 cms. La Videogastroscopia muestra una concreción de pelos (tricobezoar), que se extiende a través del píloro. El 26-02-2009 es intervenida quirúrgicamente, se realiza gastrostomía con extracción de tricobezoar que se extiende a través del duodeno hasta el yeyuno. En ocasiones el tricobezoar se extiende más allá del estómago, alcanzando duodeno, yeyuno, ileon, e incluso colon, dándosele entonces, el nombre de Síndrome de Rapunzel...

The Rapunzel syndrome is a rare condition with few cases reported and described in the literature. Thus, WE SHARE a new case. Is a 6 years old female patient who went to consult because she had had from 2 months ago epigastralgia`s crisis, vomits and regurgitation, and lost of weight. Her symptomatology has gotten worst in the last week and refers a sensation of a mass in the epigastrium. As an important background she had had trichophagia of two years evolution. An elongated epigastric mass is felt on examination. The abdominal echosonogram shows a hyperechoic curvilinear line, discretely heterogeneous, in the epigastrium, specifically, in the gastric zone, which produces a complete acoustic shadow allusive of echogenic mass of more than 5 cm. of length. The stomach radiography shows a defect image of 6 x 4 cm. that extends from the body to the antro-pyloric region. The video-gastroscopy reveals a hair concretion (trichophagia) that extends through the pylorus. On February 26, 2009 the patient underwent surgical intervention, a gastrostomy with extraction of the trichobezoar that expands through the duodenum to the jejunum. In occasions the trichobezoar extends beyond the stomach reaching to the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and even colon, that's when it's called Rapunzel Syndrome...

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Algal infections are rare in humans and domestic animals. Prototheca spp. and Chlorella spp. are among the most commonly reported. Herein, we present a brief review on Chlorella spp. infections and related pathologies and discuss this information including a natural case in a sheep in Mexico with a disseminated form of the disease.

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We analysed 15,101 biological samples from patients presenting with superficial mycoses who attended outpatient services over a 10-year period. Scale samples were processed for direct microscopic examination with 15% KOH and cultured on Sabouraud glucose agar plus chloramphenicol and cycloheximide. Laboratory examination confirmed 4,709 cases of superficial mycosis (31.18%), of which 2,084 (44.26%) were dermatophytoses. The species most frequently encountered was Trichophyton rubrum (71.2%), followed by T. tonsurans (6.9%), T. mentagrophytes (5.5%), Microsporum canis (4.5%) and Epidermophyton floccosum (1.3%). The most frequent clinical form of dermatophytosis was tinea unguium (59.9%), followed by tinea pedis (24.5%). We demonstrate that the number of cases of T. rubrum is increasing in Mexico.

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