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SUMMARY: Osteotechnics is one of the different anatomical preservation techniques and can be defined as the technique designed to prepare, clean, obtain and preserve bone structures that can be used in the teaching, museographic or research field. The osteotechnical technique procedure consists of the following phases: debulk and disjoint, maceration, cooking, cleaning, degreasing, bleaching, and labeling to obtain bone material. Seven phases will be explained in detail, as well as the materials, instruments, quantities of the substances used, and the time required to obtain human bone material. We consider that this article can serve as a guide, given that all the experimentation was carried out with human biological material. This methodological proposal could be consolidated and established based on the experience acquired during the creation of the contemporary skeletal collection of the department of innovation in human biological material (DIMBIH). Therefore, the purpose of our proposal is to provide tools that facilitate the work of those who carry out this work and fundamentally to avoid irreversible or irreparable damage to the osteological material, since it is of great value and difficult to acquire for disciplines as anatomy, veterinary, physical and forensic anthropology, medicine, dentistry and biology.

La osteotecnia es una de las técnicas diferentes de conservación anatómica y puede definirse como la técnica destinada a preparar, limpiar, obtener y conservar estructuras óseas que pueden ser utilizadas en el ámbito docente, museográfico o de investigación. El procedimiento de la técnica osteotécnica consta de las siguientes fases: descarnado y desarticulado, maceración, cocción, limpieza, desengrase, blanqueo y marcaje para la obtención de material óseo. Se explicarán en detalle siete fases, así como los materiales, instrumentos, cantidades de las sustancias utilizadas y el tiempo necesario para obtener material óseo humano. Consideramos que este artículo puede servir de guía, dado que toda la experimentación se realizó con material biológico humano. Esta propuesta metodológica pudo consolidarse y establecerse a partir de la experiencia adquirida durante la creación de la colección esquelética contemporánea del Departamento de Innovación en Material Biológico Humano (DIMBIH). Por lo tanto, el propósito de nuestra propuesta es brindar herramientas que faciliten el trabajo de quienes realizan este trabajo y fundamentalmente evitar daños irreversibles o irreparables en el material osteológico, ya que es de gran valor y difícil adquisición para las disciplinas como la anatomía, veterinaria, antropología física y forense, medicina, odontología y biología.

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OBJECTIVE: To study influenza vaccination uptake in pregnant women from three Health Departments in the Valencian Community (Spain) during the 2014-15 flu season, to identify degree of knowledge, sources of information and attitudes toward immunization against influenza. METHODS: Multicentre cross-sectional descriptive study during the 2014-15 vaccination campaign. Vaccine coverage was determined using the Nominal Vaccination Registry (NVR). Subsequently, a telephone survey was carried out on a sample of vaccinated and unvaccinated postpartum women. RESULTS: The NVR had information on 934 (59.5%) out of 1,569 postpartum women; distribution per Health Departments was: 420 (44.9%), 161 (17.2%) and 353 (37.8%) in La Ribera, Torrevieja and Elx-Crevillent respectively. Vaccine uptake was 27.9% (n = 261). According to the "Country of Origin" variable, 77.5% (n = 724) of women were Spanish, with a vaccination rate of 26.7% (n = 193), compared to 22.5% (n = 210) who were non-Spanish, with a rate of 32.4% (n = 68). The main source of information was midwives for 83.7% (n = 159) of vaccinated pregnant women and for 44.6% (n = 127) of non-vaccinated women. The main reasons for vaccine refusal were lack of awareness (29.5%, n = 84) and not considering it necessary (25.6%, n = 73). CONCLUSIONS: Despite their high willingness to be vaccinated after receiving information about the flu vaccine, the vaccination coverage in pregnant women studied is still low and can be improved. Health professionals need new information strategies to extend vaccine uptake to a larger number of pregnant women in Spain. Midwife advice plays an essential role in transmitting information on influenza vaccination in pregnant women and has a significant impact on uptake.

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El dolor es un síntoma muy prevalente en hemodiálisis, pero pasa frecuentemente inadvertido. Los escasos estudios sobre el dolor en diálisis hacen únicamente referencia al dolor crónico. Para conocer las características del dolor intradiálisis y las del dolor crónico fuera de diálisis, se administraron diversas escalas de medición validadas, a un grupo de 27 pacientes en hemodiálisis: la Escala Visual Analógica, el Pain Management Index, el McGill Pain Questionnaire, y el Brief Pain Inventory, primero durante la sesión y posteriormente fuera de la misma. La etiología más frecuente del dolor intradiálisis fue la de tipo isquémico, y la del dolor crónico el musculo esquelético. La prevalencia del dolor intradiálisis fue mayor. El valor medio de la escala visual analógica fue ligeramente superior en el dolor intradiálisis. El valor medio del Pain Management Index fue superior en el dolor crónico. El McGill Pain Questionnaire mostró valores similares en ambas situaciones. Sólo en el dolor crónico el tiempo de permanencia en diálisis se relacionaba con la escala visual, el índice cualitativo total y el número de palabras escogidas, y los niveles de PTHi con la escala visual y la interferencia con el desplazamiento. Recibieron analgesia el 11% de pacientes para el dolor intradiálisis, y el 74% para el dolor crónico. Se concluye que el dolor en diálisis es muy frecuente y su manejo resulta inadecuado, y que las escalas utilizadas se han mostrado útiles para evaluar el dolor en diálisis. Respecto al dolor intradiálisis, el dolor crónico se muestra menos prevalente e intenso, mejor tratado, mayoritariamente de origen musculo esquelético y relacionado con el tiempo en diálisis y el hiperparatiroidismo (AU)

Pain in haemodialysis is very common, although frequently underdiagnosed. Chronic pain in dialysis has been scarcely evaluated, and intradialytic pain has not been specifically analyzed. Our aim was to compare intradialytic versus chronic pain characteristics in the same group of twenty-seven hemodialyzed patients, to investigate whether there were or not differences between them. Several validated scales were used: a) Analogical Visual Scale, defines pain intensity from 0, no pain, to 10,the worst pain; b) Pain Management Index, that results from subtracting pain level from analgesic use, ranging from – 3 (inadequate) to + 3 (adequate management); c) McGill Pain Questionnaire, which defines three items: pain related qualitative index, number of words chosen, and present pain intensity; and d) Brief Pain Inventory, which analyses influence of pain inpatient’s life, was only aplicable to evaluate chronic pain. Tests were administered firstly during the dialysis session for evaluating intradialytic pain, and another day out of the session to evaluate chronic pain. Ischemic pain was the most common during the session (37%), whereas muscle-skeletal was more frequent out of the session (77%). Prevalence of pain was higher during the session (92.5% vs 77.7%, p <0.05). Number of weekly sessions with pain was 1.78 ± 1.2. Analogical visual score was slightly higher during the session with respect to chronic pain (3.28 ± 2.22 vs 2.67 ± 2.13, p = NS). Pain Management Index scores were significantly different (intradialytic: -0.81 ±0.76, chronic pain: -0.12 ± 0.94). McGill test scores were similar in both situations. Only in chronic pain, time on dialysis correlated significantly with analogical visual scores, pain related index and number of words chosen, and parathyroid hormone levels with analogical visual scores and interference to displacement score from Brief Pain Inventory. Farmacological (..) (AU)

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Objetivo. El estudio ZAFRA se diseñó para evaluar la seguridad de un nuevo bloqueantede los canales del calcio, lercanidipino, en la insuficiencia renal crónica, ysu posible sobre la función renal en los pacientes tratados con fármacos que bloqueanel eje renina-angiotensina. Los pacientes que no controlaron su PA con estos fármacosfueron tratados con doxazosina.Diseño y métodos. El estudio reclutó 203 pacientes con insuficiencia renal (creatinina> 1,4 mg/dl en varones o > 1,2 mg/dl en mujeres, o aclaramiento de creatinina< 80 ml/min). Todos los pacientes estaban siendo tratados con IECA o antagonistasde receptores y la medicación se mantuvo a lo largo del estudio, sin quepudieran recibir diuréticos a lo largo del seguimiento. Los pacientes eran evaluadosclínica y analíticamente 1, 3 y 6 meses después de iniciar tratamiento con lercanidipino.Aquellos pacientes que en la segunda visita no estaban controlados añadierondoxazosina GITS (4 mg en dosis única) al tratamiento.Resultados: 57 pacientes que iniciaron el estudio fueron tratados con doxazosina(edad media 64,8 ± 12,7 años, 47,4 varones y 52,6 mujeres). La PA se redujo significativamentedesde 164 ± 17/92 ± 9 hasta 135 ± 13/78 ± 8 mmHg (p < 0,001). Seprodujeron reducciones significativas de la PA en el 67,6% de los enfermos y el32,4% de los pacientes redujeron su PA hasta los límites recomendados (<130/85mmHg). Únicamente 2 (3,6) pacientes han presentado reacciones adversas. No sedetectó aumento de la incidencia de edema. La creatinina plasmática (1,9 ± 0,6mg/dl) no se había modificado al final del estudio (2,0 ± 0,8 mg/dl) ni el aclaramientode creatinina (38,7 ± 15,7 vs 38,5 ± 14,5). También se detectó un descensosignificativo del urato plasmático (7,0 ± 1,9 vs 6,7 ± 1,6 mg/dl, p < 0,05).Conclusiones: La doxazosina ha presentado un excelente perfil de seguridad enlos pacientes renales, destacando la ausencia de edemas a pesar de la insuficienciarenal de los pacientes

Objective. To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the alfa-blocker doxazosinGITS in CRF patients.Design and methods. The study recruited 203 CRF patients (creatinine > 1,4mg/dl for males, creatinine > 1,2 mg/dl for females, or creatinine clearance < 80ml/min). All patients were receiving ACE inhibitores (63.4%) or angiotensin II antagonist(36.6%) therapy but they had higher blood pressure than recommended forCRF (130/85 mmHg). Patients were clinically evaluated 1, 3 and 6 moths after startingtreatment with lercanidipine (10 mg once daily). Patients with high blood pressurein spite of combined therapy with two drugs added doxazosin GITS 4-8 mgonce daily to treatment.Result: 57 patients rendered evaluable for the study (age 64.8 ± 12.7 years,47.4% males and 52.6 females). BP significantly decrease from 164 ± 17/92 ± 9mmHg to 135 ± 13/78 ± 8 mmHg. 67.6% patients showed a significant BP reductionand 32.4% gets optimal BP control (< 130/85 mmHg). Two patients (3.6%)showed untoward effects. No biochemical changes were detected.Conclusions: Doxazosin showed a good antihypertensive effect in CRF patientswhen used as third drug in resistant severe hypertension. It has a good tolerabilityprofile and showed a neutral profile on biochemical parameters

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OBJECTIVE: The objective was primary to evaluate the safe use of a new calcium channel blocker, lercanidipine, in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). The secondary objective was to study the protective effect of calcium channel blocker on renal function in CRF patients previously treated with ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. DESIGN AND METHODS: The study recruited 203 CRF patients (creatinine >1.4 mg/dL for males, creatinine > 1.2 mg/dL for females, or creatinine clearance <70 mL/min). All patients were receiving ACE inhibitors (63.4%) or angiotensin II antagonist (36.6%) therapy, but they had higher blood pressure than recommended for CRF (130/85 mmHg). No patients were under diuretic treatment. Patients were clinically evaluated 1, 3, and 6 months after starting treatment with lercanidipine. Samples for urine and blood examination were taken during the examination. When needed, a third drug was added to the treatment, excluding diuretics. Creatinine clearance was measured using 24 h urine collection. RESULTS: 175 patients rendered valuable for the study (age 63.9+/-11.9 years, 52.9% males and 47.1% females). Blood pressure (BP) significantly decreased from 162+/-17/93+/-8.3 mmHg to 132+/-12/78+/-6 mmHg. 89.2% of patients showed a significant BP reduction, and 58.1% achieved optimal BP control (<130/85 mmHg). Seven patients (3.4%) showed untoward effects. Not one case of edema was detected, and the prevalence of adverse effects related to vasodilatation was extremely low (three patients, 1.48%). Plasmatic creatinine did not change (1.9+/-0.5 baseline versus 1.9+/-0.6 mg/dL), but creatinine clearance increased at the end visit (41.8+/-16.0 baseline versus 45.8+/-18.0 mL/min, p=0.019). Plasmatic cholesterol also decreased from 221+/-46 to 211+/-35 mg/dL (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Lercanidipine showed a high antihypertensive effect in CRF patients. It has a good tolerability profile and showed an interesting effect on plasmatic lipids. An improvement in renal function, measured through creatine clearance, was detected.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safe use of a new calcium channel blocker, lercanidipine, in diabetic chronic renal failure (CRF) patients. DESIGN AND METHODS: The study recruited 42 diabetic CRF patients (creatinine > 1.4 mg/dl for males, creatinine > 1.2 mg/dl for females, or creatinine clearance < 70 ml/min). Mean age was 68.2 +/- 9.1 years. 53.8% were males and 46.2% females. Three patients were type 1 diabetics and 39 ones were type II. All patients were receiving ACE inhibitors (67.4%) or angiotensin II antagonist (32.6%) therapy but they had higher blood pressure than recommended for CRF patients (130/85 mmHg). No patients were under diuretic treatment. Patients were clinically evaluated 1, 3 and 6 months after starting treatment with lercanidipine. Samples for urine and blood examination were taken during the examination. When needed, a third drug was added to treatment, excluding diuretics. Creatinine clearance was measured using 24 h urine collection. RESULTS: BP significantly decrease from 163 +/- 18/90 +/- 8 mmHg to 134 +/- 12/77 +/- 9 mmHg. One half of patients showed significant reduction of blood pressure, 26.7% reached the target blood pressure (< 130/85 mmHg) and 20.0% gets optimal BP control (< 130/85 mmHg). No one patient showed untoward effects. No edema was detected nor adverse effects related to vasodilatation were found. Plasmatic creatinine did not change (1.9 +/- 0.5 baseline vs 1.8 +/- 0.5 mg/dl) and creatinine clearance increased at the end visit (40.1 +/- 14.5 baseline vs 45.4 +/- 18.2 ml/min) but the difference was not significant. Proteinuria was unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: Lercanidipine showed a good antihypertensive effect in diabetics CRF patients. It has a good tolerability profile and showed neutral effect on plasmatic lipids. Neither impairment of renal function nor increment in proteinuria were detected.

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An outbreak of pneumonia that caused 34 deaths among 221 legionnaires was reported in 1977 at the American Legion Convention in Philadelphia. The causative agent was eventually recognized and named Legionella pneumophila. Legionellosis is a worldwide disease, but in Mexico there is only one report of Legionnaires' disease, possibly because it is not thought of as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia. We report a previously healthy patient who required admittance to our ICU with community-acquired Legionnaires' disease.

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Adhesion molecules appear on leukocytes and endothelial cells mediating the localization and migration of leukocytes to sites of inflammation. Rejecting kidney grafts have shown an increased expression of these molecules. Recent reports have detected in serum soluble forms of adhesion molecules that could play a role in regulating inflammation. We have measured by ELISA the circulating serum levels of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin in: 23 controls, 33 chronic renal failure patients (CRF), 20 hemodialysis patients (HD), 17 samples from 6 patients with stable kidney graft function (STx), 25 samples from 8 patients with steroid-responsive rejection proven by biopsy, and 28 samples from 9 patients with steroid-resistant rejection and good response to OKT3. There was not a rise in cICAM-1 or cE-selectin levels during rejection compared with the steady phase before and after rejection. In the case of cVCAM-1, only the OKT3 group showed increased rejection levels (P < 0.05) that were maintained after rejection. For ICAM-1, CRF and HD groups had higher levels than the remaining groups. cVCAM-1 levels were elevated in all groups when compared with control, furthermore, OKT3 and HD groups had higher levels than the STx, CRF, or steroid-responsive groups. For cE-selectin, we only found differences between the CRF and both rejection groups. Serum creatinine correlated significantly with c-ICAM-1 and cVCAM-1 R = 0.30 and R = 0.22), but not with cE-selectin. We conclude that soluble adhesion molecules levels are not valuable markers for rejection. Patients with chronic renal failure have increased levels of adhesion molecules, which could reflect an impaired elimination.

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We examined the relationship between measured colloid osmotic pressure (COP), and COP calculated from serum total protein concentration (TP). Serum COP and TP were measured in 40 patients with severe abdominal sepsis. Measured COP values were not significantly different from values calculated using three separate formulas. The correlation rate between measured COP and TP (r = .83, p less than .01) was lower than that between calculated COP and TP (r = .99, p less than .01). All three formulas were fairly reliable. Alternatively, a table of predicted COP values may be useful in severely ill patients.

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