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INTRODUCTION: Studies on the state of health and nutrition of Mexicans with intellectual disability (ID) including those with Down syndrome (DS), are scarce. OBJECTIVE: To analyze some physiological and social factors associated with the body mass of young people with ID from northern México. METHODS: Body weight, height and other anthropometric values were measured in fifty seven young (17 ± 5 years) participants with ID (DS,16%) and at least one guardian. BMI (kg/m²), somatotype and nutritional status were established by three international standards and total blood glucose, cholesterol & triacylglycerides, were also analyzed. Guardian's socio-economic, household food insecurity and nutrition literacy status were estimated with validated questionnaires by direct interview. RESULTS: Participants with SD were 12 cm smaller but subscapular skinfold (SECPS) was 6 mm thicker than that from other ID participants (p < 0.05). Prevalence of overweight/obesity was 70 and 44%, respectively. Blood biochemicals were similar between groups, but 25% had dyslipidemias. Participant's BMI correlated (p < 0,01) with several anthropometric & adiposity indicators (r = 0,40 a 0,88 ), blood triglycerides (r = 0,48 ) and cholesterol (r = 0,44) and guardians & participants' age (r = 0,35). The spending in food correlated (p < 0.05) with participant's SECPS (r = -0.33). The circumference of the waist, hip, calf and PSECP, 89% of the variance of the BMI explained. CONCLUSION: The body mass of young people with DI from northern Mexico, is strongly related to the degree of body adiposity, dyslipidemias, and some socio-economic factors of their family environment.

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The factors responsible for the acute effects of exercise on blood lipids are not well known, and there have been few studies comparing different kinds of exercise in the same population. The concentration of blood lipids was evaluated in this study at the end and at post-24h of two 14km/90min single exercise sessions: continuous exercise (CE) at 44.5+/-5.6% VO(2max) and intermittent exercise (IE) at 39-72% VO(2max), in subjects with high levels of aerobic training. Fourteen male athletes (endurance runners) took part in this study and each completed a 24h dietary record. The O(2) uptake and CO(2) production were recorded, and blood lactate and blood lipids were measured. The results showed that triacylglycerols were not modified by any kind of exercise. Total cholesterol was increased at the end of both exercises: 7.04% for CE (p<0.001) and 4.23% for IE (p=0.001). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol was increased at the end of IE: 11.38% (p=0.03) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was increased only at the end of CE: 7.45% (p=0.006). The increase of lipids for CE was negatively correlated with aerobic fitness indicators (heart rate and %HRmax at lactate threshold), and was positively associated with energy expenditure. For IE, %HRmax and lactate were negatively correlated, and the respiratory exchange ratio was positively correlated, with the lipid increase. We conclude that in trained male athletes, a 14km run in 90min induced different changes of lipid profile if the exercise was done continuously or intermittently, and that in CE the extent of these increases was influenced by aerobic fitness.

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1. The effect of administration of fish oil by gavage on catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of the lymphoid organs and liver was compared with those of soybean oil and cocoa butter. 2. Fish oil did not affect the activities of SOD and CAT but reduced that of GSH-Px in the spleen. In contrast, cocoa butter reduced the CAT activity in the thymus and liver, and soybean oil decreased CAT activity in the thymus. 3. The content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances of the lymphoid organs was not modified but was increased in plasma.

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JUSTIFICATION: Lipid oxidation is one of the major changes that can occur during processing, distribution, storage and final preparation of foods. The oxidation could be prevented by adding synthetic or natural antioxidants in spite of safety of synthetic ones has been questioned. This situation promotes increasing demand for food additives of natural origin. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of cinnamon extracts. METHODS: Cinnamon samples were obtained at local market, milled (32 mesh sieve) and submitted to sequential extraction using as solvents: ether, methanol and water. The antioxidant activity in the extracts was measured by the b-carotene/linoleic acid system, at 50 degrees C and absorbances reading at 470 nm every 15 min intervals for 120 min. Two controls were used in this determination: one with synthetic antioxidant (BHT, 100 ppm) and other without antioxidant. The water extract was fraccionated using silica Gel 60 and 60G and through chromatographic processes: thin layer, (T.L.C.) and column, using BAW as mobile phase and ethylacetate, petroleum ether, methanol and water as eluent, respectively. RESULTS: The etheric (0.69 mg), methanolic (0.88 mg) and aqueous (0.44 mg) cinnamon extracts, inhibited the oxidative process in 68%; 95.5% and 87.5% respectively. The BHT control inhibited 80% oxidation. The spray reagents (1) beta-carotene/linoleic acid and (2) Fe Cl3/K3 Fe (CN)4 1% sol, showed spots in T.L.C. with antioxidant activity (1) and blue color (2), indicating the presence of phenolic compounds with Rf values of 0.50. Five fractions were obtained by column partition with antioxidant activity and the presence of phenolic compounds. SIGNIFICANCE: These results suggest that the cinnamon extracts can be used as food antioxidant together with the improvement of food palatability. Further studies are in processing of analysing the sinergic association of extracts with synthetic antioxidant and to identify compounds with antioxidant activity in cinnamon extracts.

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1. The effect of fish oil administration by gavage (0.4% body weight) on activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and on content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) of the lymphoid organs [thymus, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN)] and liver was investigated in 21-day pregnant rats. The results were compared with those obtained by administration of soybean oil, cocoa butter and coconut oil. 2. Oil administration did not have any significant effect on antioxidant enzyme activities of the liver, whereas marked changes were found in the lymphoid organs. The MLN presented the most pronounced changes: SOD and catalase activities were increased by the four oils; GSH-Px activity was raised by soybean and fish oils; coconut oil reduced the activity of the three antioxidant enzymes in this organ. 3. Fish oil given by gavage does affect the antioxidant capacity of the lymphoid organs; however, similar effect was also observed for cocoa butter and soybean oil. These changes in the antioxidant enzyme activities were able to prevent the lipid peroxidation process in the lymphoid organs.

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The composition of the fatty acids in the thymus, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes was determined in rats fed polyunsaturated (UFC) or saturated (SFC) fatty acid-rich chow during 6 weeks or 14 months. The results indicated that the lipid composition of fatty acids in these tissues was modified by the type of fat given in the diets. Interestingly, the liver did not show any dietary induced change in the composition of fatty acids. The unsaturation index was raised in the lymphoid organs by UFC either after 6 weeks or 14 months. The ageing process itself increased the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids only in the spleen of the 3 groups. A high degree of unsaturation of fatty acids in the tissues may favour the occurrence of lipid peroxidation. It was noteworthy that a linoleic acid-rich diet (UFC) did not change the content of arachidonic acid in the tissues and so would therefore be unlikely to affect eicosanoid synthesis. As shown by previous studies, these fat-rich diets caused marked changes in the key enzyme activities of glucose and glutamine metabolism in the lymphoid organs, by as yet unknown mechanisms. The results reported here suggest that the effect of fat-rich diets on intermediary metabolism does not occur through eicosanoid synthesis and may be a consequence of the lipid peroxidative process or even alterations in the transcription of the enzymes of glycolysis and glutaminolysis.

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