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This study has been conducted with the aim of ascertaining the relationship between peer leaders in sport teams and the levels of burnout experienced by their team-mates. A total of 219 Spanish athletes involved in football and basketball participated in the study. To measure leadership among peers, we employed the Sports Peer Leadership Scale, which comprises 24 items, grouped into 6 primary factors: empathy, influence on decision making, sports values, social support, training orientation and competition orientation. And to measure burnout, we employed the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire, which comprises 15 items which are indicators of physical and emotional exhaustion, devaluation and reduced sense of accomplishment among athletes. The results led to the conclusion that there is a statistically significant negative relationship between perceived leadership capacity and the levels of burnout experience by a team. The greater the level of leadership capacity perceived, the lower the levels of burnout will be. A multiple regression analysis with total burnout as dependent variable and social and task orientations of the leader as predictors showed standardized regression coefficients of -.241 (p = .010) and -.076 (p = .413), respectively for social and task orientation, being the effect size equal to .089.

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This study has been conducted with the aim of ascertaining the relationship between peer leaders in sport teams and the levels of burnout experienced by their team-mates. A total of 219 Spanish athletes involved in football and basketball participated in the study. To measure leadership among peers, we employed the Sports Peer Leadership Scale, which comprises 24 items, grouped into 6 primary factors: empathy, influence on decision making, sports values, social support, training orientation and competition orientation. And to measure burnout, we employed the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire, which comprises 15 items which are indicators of physical and emotional exhaustion, devaluation and reduced sense of accomplishment among athletes. The results led to the conclusion that there is a statistically significant negative relationship between perceived leadership capacity and the levels of burnout experience by a team. The greater the level of leadership capacity perceived, the lower the levels of burnout will be. A multiple regression analysis with total burnout as dependent variable and social and task orientations of the leader as predictors showed standardized regression coefficients of -.241 (p = .010) and -.076 (p = .413), respectively for social and task orientation, being the effect size equal to .089 (AU)

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El presente estudio se ha realizado con el doble objetivo de ampliar el modelo de medida del liderazgo deportivo entre iguales (EELD-30) elaborado por Arce, Torrado, Andrade y Alzate (2011) y a la vez reducir el número de indicadores para mejorar su aplicabilidad. Como resultado, se ha obtenido una versión, denominada EELD-24, con más factores (seis en lugar de cinco) y con menor número de ítems (24 en lugar de 30). El ajuste individual de los parámetros (cargas factoriales de los ítems, correlaciones entre factores, y varianzas de los errores de medida) ha sido satisfactorio y los índices de ajuste global del modelo razonables: χ2 (242) = 566.278 (p < .001); χ2/df = 2.340; GFI = 0.90; TLI = 0.92; CFI = 0.93; SRMR = 0.058; RMSEA = 0.058 ( I.C. 90%; 0.052; 0.064). También se han obtenido resultados satisfactorios de consistencia interna de los factores, con valores de alpha de Cronbach que oscilan entre .76 y .86, de validez convergente y discriminante, y de invarianza del modelo de medida. La escala resultante puede ser utilizada con fines profesionales y de investigación con las suficientes garantías psicométricas

The present study was developed with the aim of increasing the assessment model of peer leadership (EELD-30) elaborated by Arce, Torrado, Andrade and Alzate (2011) and, at the same time, shortening the number of indicators in order to improve its applicability. As a result, a new version was obtained, called EELD-24, with one more factor (six instead of five) and fewer items (24 instead of 30). Fit indexes (item loads, factor correlations and error variance) were satisfactory and global fit indexes of the model were reasonable: χ2(242) = 566.278 (p < .001); χ2/df = 2.340; GFI = 0.90; TLI = 0.92; CFI = 0.93; SRMR = 0.058; RMSEA = 0.058 (C.I. 90%; 0.052; 0.064). Apart from this, satisfactory indexes of internal consistence were obtained, with values of Cronbach’s Alpha between 0.76 and 0.86, and also convergent and discriminant validity and invariance of the model offer satisfactory results. The final scale can be used both for an applied context and for research with enough psychometric guarantees

O presente estudo foi realizado com um objectivo duplo de ampliar o modelo de medida de liderança desportiva entre pares (EELD-30)elaborado por Arce, Torrado, Andrade e Alzate (2011) e de reduzir o número de indicadores de forma a melhorar a sua aplicabilidade. Como resultado,foi obtida uma versão, denominada EELD-24, com mais factores (seis em vez de cinco) e com menor número de itens (24 em vez de 30). O ajustamentoindividual dos parâmetros (cargas factoriais dos itens, correlações entre factores e variâncias dos erros de medida) foi satisfatório e os índices deajustamento global do modelo razoáveis: χ2(242)= 566.278 (p< .001); χ2/df= 2.340; GFI = 0.90; TLI = 0.92; CFI = 0.93; SRMR = 0.058; RMSEA =0.058 (I.C. 90%; 0.052; 0.064). De igual modo foram obtidos resultados satisfatórios de consistência interna dos factores, com valores de alfa de Cronbachque oscilam entre os .76 e .86, de validade convergente e discriminante, e de invariância do modelo de medida. A escala resultante pode ser utilizada emcontexto aplicado e de investigação com suficientes garantias psicométricas

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Este artículo ofrece una versión breve del cuestionario de perfil de estados de ánimo POMS en español. Se trata de un nuevo estudio sobre la validez interna de este instrumento con deportistas y presenta evidencia favorable para extender su uso a la población general no-deportista. Los participantes respondieron a la forma del cuestionario para adultos, con 44 ítems y 6 factores de primer orden, denominados Cólera, Fatiga, Vigor, Amistad, Tensión, y Estado Deprimido (Andrade et al., 2010). En la muestra de deportistas (n = 400), los resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio fueron aceptables, aunque proporcionaron pautas para refinar el modelo de medida. Así, se procedió a reducir el número de ítems, manteniendo sólo 5 por cada dimensión teórica, aquellos que fueron estadística y sustantivamente más apropiados. De este modo también se consiguió un incremento significativo de la bondad de ajuste del modelo. En una segunda fase se realizó el análisis factorial confirmatorio del patrón obtenido en una muestra de población general (n = 400). Finalmente, empleamos la aproximación multigrupo para comprobar la invarianza del modelo a dos niveles, configuración y equivalencia métrica (AU)

This paper reports on an abbreviated Spanish form of the questionnaire for the profile of mood states, POMS. It is a new study on the internal validity of this instrument with athletes, and offers evidence to extend its use to the general population. The participants completed the POMS adult version, with 44 items and 6 first-order factors labelled Anger, Fatigue, Vigour, Friendliness, Tension, and Depressed Mood (Andrade et al., 2010). In the athletes’ sample (n = 400), the results of the confirmatory factor analysis were acceptable, although they provided guidelines to refine the measurement model. Thus, we proceeded to reduce the number of items, keeping only 5 for each theoretical dimension: the most statistically and substantively appropriate ones. This way we also achieved a significant increase in the goodness-of-fit of the model. Subsequently, we carried out confirmatory factor analysis of the same pattern in the general population sample (n = 400). Finally, we used a multi-group approach to test the invariance of the model on two levels, configuration and metric equivalence (AU)

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El presente estudio se diseñó para obtener evidencias internas de validez de una versión en español del cuestionario de estado de ánimo POMS (Profile of Mood States) para adolescentes. Dicha versión fue previamente construida con ítems seleccionados mediante escalamiento de objetos (Andrade, Arce, Armental, Rodríguez, y De Francisco, 2008). Participaron en el estudio 320 deportistas adolescentes, 194 varones y 126 mujeres, con una media de edad de 14.95 (DE = 1.29). Se empleó análisis factorial confirmatorio para verificar la congruencia entre los datos y el modelo propuesto. Así se comprobó que el mejor ajustado era un modelo de medida con 29 ítems y 6 factores de primer orden: Tensión, Estado Deprimido, Cólera, Vigor, Fatiga y Amistad. Los resultados para los indicadores más habituales de ajuste global fueron: X2 (361) = 684.25 (p < .01), CFI = .96, NNFI = .96, RMSEA = .053 (con valores de .047 y de .059 para los límites mínimo y máximo del intervalo de confianza al 90%), y SRMR = .061 (AU)

This study was designed to obtain evidence of the internal validity of a Spanish version for adolescents of the Profile of Mood States questionnaire, POMS (Andrade, Arce, Armental, Rodríguez & De Francisco, 2008). Andrade et al.’s version was previously developed with items selected through scaling objects. The sample for this study was composed of 320 adolescent athletes - 194 males and 126 females - with a mean age of 14.95 (SD = 1.29). A confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the congruence between the data and the proposed model. The best fitting measurement model was one with 29 items and 6 first-order factors: Tension, Depression, Anger, Vigour, Fatigue and Friendliness. The values obtained for the most habitual global goodness-of-fit indices were as follows: X2 (361) = 684.25 (p < .01), CFI = .96, NNFI = .96, RMSEA = .053 (with limits of .047 and .059 for the confidence interval at 90%) and SRMR = .061 (AU)

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Los estudios de liderazgo deportivo están focalizados, mayoritariamente, en el liderazgo formal del entrenador en el que el Modelo Multidimensional del Liderazgo de Chelladurai es la referencia fundamental. Sin embargo, otro tipo de liderazgo, el informal, puede ser observado en los equipos deportivos: el que ejercen algunos deportistas entre sus compañeros de equipo. Sin embargo, en este caso, la investigación no está tan avanzada como en el caso del entrenador, tanto en el aspecto teórico como en la evaluación. Para superar las limitaciones de estudios previos sobre liderazgo informal, el objetivo de la presente investigación ha sido la construcción de una escala de evaluación del liderazgo ejercido por deportistas, la cual fue diseñada a partir de una muestra de 407 jugadores de fútbol españoles, de categorías senior, que evaluaran las características de los líderes de equipos deportivos sobre un total de 54 ítems. Se realizaron análisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios, así como análisis de fiabilidad y evaluación de la consistencia interna de los factores. Los resultados ofrecieron una escala de 30 ítems, agrupados en 5 factores, que fueron denominados empatía, orientación a la tarea, influencia en la toma de decisiones, valores deportivos y apoyo social. Se obtuvieron índices de ajuste satisfactorios para el modelo, para la fiabilidad de los ítems y para el análisis de consistencia interna de los factores. Se realizó un análisis factorial de segundo orden, con el resultado de que la orientación a la tarea se posiciona separada de los otros cuatro factores primarios, que se agrupan en un factor de orientación social.

Studies into sport leadership are focused, mostly, in the formal leadership of the coach, in which Chelladurai's Multidimensional Model of Leadership is the principal theoretical reference. However, another kind of informal leadership can be observed in sport teams: peer leadership. Research on peer leadership is not as advanced as research on the formal leadership of the coach, neither in theoretical terms nor in the assessment. To overcome the shortcomings presented in previous investigations about informal leadership, the aim of the present research has been the development of a scale for the evaluation of the peer leadership in sport teams, which was designed asking a sample of 407 senior Spanish football players to evaluate the characteristics of sport leaders over a total of 54 indicators. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were developed, also reliability analysis and evaluation of the internal consistency of factors. The results offered a 30 indicators scale, grouped into five factors denominated: empathy, task orientation, influence in decision-making, sport values and social support. Satisfactory fit indexes have been obtained for the model, for the reliability of items and for the internal consistency of factors. A secondrange exploratory factor analysis was performed, with the result that task orientation is positioned separated from the other four primary factors, which are grouped into one social orientation factor.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which the Spanish POMS assesses the same factors as the original form of the questionnaire. We started from a version with 63 items, representing seven conceptual dimensions. This version was administered to a sample of 364 adult athletes. In the whole sample, exploratory factor analytic findings suggested a more parsimonious measurement model, with 44 items and 6 first-order factors. Then the data from said sample were randomly divided into two sets, each containing about 50% of the subjects. The fit of the first sample set (n = 166) to the proposed model was adequate. Four of the main goodness-of-fit indices exhibited the following values: CFI = .95, NNFI = .95, SRMR = .083, and RMSEA = .064. We tested the same model in the second data set (n = 198), in which the fit was also acceptable, with values of .95, .94, .088, and .066 for CFI, NNFI, SRMR, and RMSEA, respectively. In addition, we used multi-group confirmatory factor analysis to provide evidence on the invariance of the model.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which the Spanish POMS assesses the same factors as the original form of the questionnaire. We started from a version with 63 items, representing seven conceptual dimensions. This version was administered to a sample of 364 adult athletes. In the whole sample, exploratory factor analytic findings suggested a more parsimonious measurement model, with 44 items and 6 first-order factors. Then the data from said sample were randomly divided into two sets, each containing about 50% of the subjects. The fit of the first sample set (n = 166) to the proposed model was adequate. Four of the main goodness-of-fit indices exhibited the following values: CFI = .95, NNFI = .95, SRMR = .083, andRMSEA = .064. We tested the same model in the second data set (n = 198), in which the fit was also acceptable, with values of .95, .94, .088, and .066 for CFI, NNFI, SRMR, and RMSEA, respectively. In addition, we used multi-group confirmatory factor analysis to provide evidence on the invariance of the model (AU)

El propósito de este estudio fue examinar hasta qué punto el POMS en español aborda los mismos factores que la forma original del cuestionario. Partimos de una versión con 63 ítems, referidos a siete dimensiones conceptuales. Esta versión se aplicó a una muestra formada por 364 deportistas adultos. En la muestra completa, los hallazgos del análisis factorial exploratorio sugirieron un modelo de medida más parsimonioso, con 44 ítems y 6 factores de primer orden. Los datos de esta muestra se dividieron al azar en dos conjuntos, que contenían aproximadamente el 50% de los sujetos. El ajuste del primer conjunto de datos (n = 166) y el modelo propuesto fue adecuado. Cuatro de los principales índices de ajuste global adoptaron los siguientes valores: CFI = .95, NNFI = .95, SRMR = .083 y RMSEA = .064. Probamos el mismo modelo en el segundo conjunto de datos (n = 198), en el que el ajuste también resultó aceptable, con valores .95, .94, .088 y .066 para CFI, NNFI, SRMR y RMSEA, respectivamente. Además, obtuvimos evidencia de la invarianza del modelo mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio multi-grupo (AU)

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AntecedentesEl esófago de Barrett es una reconocida lesión precursora de adenocarcinoma esofágico. Aunque generalmente asociada al reflujo gastroesofágico, los mecanismos patogénicos de la enfermedad no son bien conocidos. El objetivo del presente estudio es explorar la historia natural e identificar marcadores de progreso del proceso precanceroso.Material y métodosSe utilizaron cortes histológicos de 67 especímenes de esófago correspondientes a 14 pacientes con esófago de Barrett, a los que se siguió entre 1–9 años. Se clasificaron las lesiones en: esófago de Barrett sin displasia, indefinido para displasia o con displasia. Se evaluó la expresión de diferentes mucinas en las células caliciformes y en las columnares usando técnicas de histoquímica e inmunohistoquímica.ResultadosEn todos los casos se comprobó la presencia de metaplasia intestinal incompleta. Las células columnares dentro del epitelio metaplásico contenían mucinas neutras. A mayor severidad de la lesión se encontró significativamente menor expresión de sialomucinas en las células columnares (p de tendencia igual a 0,03). En sujetos con lesiones indefinidas para displasia se observó un mayor contenido de sulfomucinas en las células caliciformes (p=0,034) y de MUC2 en las células columnares (p=0,029) que en sujetos con esófago de Barrett sin displasia. Se observó expresión de la mucina intestinal MUC2 y de la mucina gástrica MUC5AC en todas las muestras. MUC6, una mucina de las glándulas profundas gástricas, se presentó ocasionalmente.ConclusiónLa evaluación de los perfiles de mucinas en el esófago de Barrett sugiere una transición gradual del fenotipo del epitelio metaplásico a medida que la lesión avanza en el tiempo(AU)

Background: Barrett’s esophagus is a known precursor lesion of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Although itis generally associated with gastroesophageal reflux, the pathogenic mechanisms of the disease are notwell understood. The aim of this study was to explore the natural history and to identify markers ofprogression of the precancerous process.Material andmethods: Histological sections of 67 esophageal specimens were used in this study. Theywere obtained from 14 subjects with Barrett’s esophagus who were followed from 1 to 9 years. The lesionswere histologically classified as: Barrett’s esophagus without dysplasia,indefinitefordysplasia,ordysplasia. Expression of various mucins in goblet and columnar cells was assessed by histochemistry andimmunohistochemistry.Results: Incomplete intestinal metaplasia was observed in all the specimens. Columnar cells with in themetaplastic epithelium expressed neutral mucins. Sialo mucins were significantly less expressed incolumnar cells as the lesions increased in severity(p trend=0.03). Subjects with indefinite dysplasia lesionshad significantly higher expression of sulphomucins in goblet cells(p=0.034)and of MUC2 in columnarcells (p=0.029)than subjects with Barrett’s esophagus without dysplasia. Expression of the intestinalmucin MUC2 and gastricmucin MUC5AC was observed in all specimens. MUC6, a mucin of the deep gastricglands, was occasionally expressed.Conclusion: The evaluation of the mucin profiles in Barrett’s esophagus suggests a gradual transition of themetaplastic epithelium phenotype as the lesion advances in time(AU)

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ANTECEDENTES: El esófago de Barrett es una reconocida lesión precursora de adenocarcinoma esofágico. Aunque generalmente asociada al reflujo gastroesofágico, los mecanismos patogénicos de la enfermedad no son bien conocidos. El objetivo del presente estudio es explorar la historia natural e identificar marcadores de progreso del proceso precanceroso. MATERIAL Y M#ENTITYSTARTX000E9;TODOS: Se utilizaron cortes histológicos de 67 especímenes de esófago correspondientes a 14 pacientes con esófago de Barrett, a los que se siguió entre 1 - 9 años. Se clasificaron las lesiones en: esófago de Barrett sin displasia, indefinido para displasia o con displasia. Se evaluó la expresión de diferentes mucinas en las células caliciformes y en las columnares usando técnicas de histoquímica e inmunohistoquímica. RESULTADOS: En todos los casos se comprobó la presencia de metaplasia intestinal incompleta. Las células columnares dentro del epitelio metaplásico contenían mucinas neutras. A mayor severidad de la lesión se encontró significativamente menor expresión de sialomucinas en las células columnares (p de tendencia igual a 0,03). En sujetos con lesiones indefinidas para displasia se observó un mayor contenido de sulfomucinas en las células caliciformes (p=0,034) y de MUC2 en las células columnares (p=0,029) que en sujetos con esófago de Barrett sin displasia. Se observó expresión de la mucina intestinal MUC2 y de la mucina gástrica MUC5AC en todas las muestras. MUC6, una mucina de las glándulas profundas gástricas, se presentó ocasionalmente. CONCLUSI#ENTITYSTARTX000F3;N: La evaluación de los perfiles de mucinas en el esófago de Barrett sugiere una transición gradual del fenotipo del epitelio metaplásico a medida que la lesión avanza en el tiempo.

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This study describes the process of developing a scale to measure the leadership capacity of players in sports teams. Research into sports leadership has focused almost exclusively on the formal leadership of the coach, in which the studies by Chelladurai, with his five-factor model, have become an essential point of reference. Nevertheless, hardly any research has been carried out into the leadership that certain players exercise over the other team members. For this purpose, a sample of 143 male basketball players was used; these participants were asked to evaluate the characteristics of the sports leader over a total of 54 indicators. Firstly, explanatory factor analysis was performed with participants' responses, using principal axis and oblique rotation methods. The factor structure obtained was then subjected to confirmatory factorial analysis, enabling us to propose a Sports Leader Evaluation Scale (EELD, in Spanish) with 18 items grouped into 3 factors, denominated empathy and responsibility, assertiveness, and impulsiveness. Satisfactory fit indices were obtained for the model, for the reliability of items and for the internal consistency of factors.

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El presente trabajo describe el proceso de elaboración de una escala para la medida de la capacidad de liderazgo de los jugadores en los deportes de equipo. La investigación sobre el liderazgo deportivo se ha centrado casi exclusivamente en el liderazgo formal del entrenador, donde los trabajos de Chelladurai, con su modelo de 5 factores, se han convertido en una referencia fundamental. Sin embargo, apenas existen investigaciones sobre el liderazgo que, de manera informal, algunos jugadores ejercen sobre los restantes miembros del equipo. Para alcanzar los objetivos del presente trabajo se utilizó una muestra de 143 jugadores de baloncesto masculino, a los que se les pidió que evaluasen las características del líder deportivo sobre un total de 54 indicadores. Con las respuestas de los sujetos se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio utilizando ejes principales y rotación oblicua. La estructura factorial obtenida se sometió, luego, a un análisis factorial confirmatorio que nos ha permitido proponer una Escala de Evaluación del Líder Deportivo (EELD) con 18 ítems agrupados en 3 factores, que hemos denominado empatía y responsabilidad, asertividad e impulsividad. Se han obtenido índices de ajuste del modelo, de fiabilidad de los ítems y de consistencia interna de los factores satisfactorios

This study describes the process of developing a scale to measure the leadership capacity of players in sports teams. Research into sports leadership has focused almost exclusively on the formal leadership of the coach, in which the studies by Chelladurai, with his five-factor model, have become an essential point of reference. Nevertheless, hardly any research has been carried out into the leadership that certain players exercise over the other team members. For this purpose, a sample of 143 male basketball players was used; these participants were asked to evaluate the characteristics of the sports leader over a total of 54 indicators. Firstly, explanatory factor analysis was performed with participants’ responses, using principal axis and oblique rotation methods. The factor structure obtained was then subjected to confirmatory factorial analysis, enabling us to propose a Sports Leader Evaluation Scale (EELD, in Spanish) with 18 items grouped into 3 factors, denominated empathy and responsibility, assertiveness, and impulsiveness. Satisfactory fit indices were obtained for the model, for the reliability of items and for the internal consistency of factors

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OBJECTIVE: Cardia, non-cardia and intestinal and diffuse subtypes of gastric cancer may have different trends and etiological factors. However, the available information is not always collected in population cancer registries, and heterogeneous criteria have been applied for the histopathological classification of tumors. We describe the pathological features of incident gastric and esophageal cancers identified within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: In an investigation on gastric and esophageal cancer (EUR-GAST) in the EPIC project, a validation study of diagnoses reported by EPIC centers was conducted by a European panel of pathologists. Original pathology reports, stained slides of tumors and the respective paraffin blocks were requested from the centers. RESULTS: The whole series encompassed 467 cancer cases (gastric and esophageal cancers). Material was available for histopathological validation in 263 cases (56%); in the remaining cases, information was retrieved from the original reports (n=110; 24%) or codes provided by the EPIC centers (n=94; 20%). Among cases submitted to histopathological validation reported originally as unknown histotype or unknown site, a specific diagnosis was made in 95% and 74% of the cases, respectively. In cases for which only the original reports were available, the respective percentages were 46% and 67%. Gastric adenocarcinomas were classified according to site (cardia (29.4%), non-cardia (48.2%) and unknown (22.4%)) and histological type (intestinal (33.4%), diffuse (33.7%) and mixed, unclassified or unknown (32.9%)). Frequency of cardia was higher in Northern countries (35%) than in Mediterranean countries (18%). CONCLUSIONS: In addition to providing epidemiological data within the EPIC cohort on gastric and esophageal adenocarcinomas, the results reported here confirm the relevance of a validation study, notably for multicenter studies.

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BACKGROUND: Distinct human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ genes have been associated with an increased or reduced risk for gastric cancer, but its association with Helicobacter pylori status is controversial. In the present study we evaluated the influence of host HLA DQA1 and DQB1 loci, H. pylori genotype, and socio-economic factors on predicting H. pylori-associated distal gastric cancer in a southern European population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a prospective case-control (1 : 2) study, 42 patients with H. pylori-associated distal gastric cancer were matched by age (+/-5 years) and gender to 84 patients with H. pylori-associated benign gastroduodenal disease (controls). The level of education received, smoking status, alcohol consumption, origin and familial history of gastric cancer were registered at inclusion. HLA DQA1 and DQB1 typing and H. pylori genotyping were determined from endoscopic gastric mucosal biopsies. RESULTS: Compared with control patients, a positive association with cagA(+) strains (p < .002) and a negative association with vacA-s2 strains (p < .02) was found in patients with distal gastric cancer. At the DQB1 locus, the (*)0602 allele was more frequent in distal gastric cancer than in controls (26.2% vs. 4.8%; p < .005). After correction for multiple comparisons (exact multiple regression analysis) the cagA(+) status and the DQB1(*)0602 allele were associated with an increased distal gastric cancer risk (OR 3.7; 95% CI = 1.33-12.26 and OR 4.82; 95% CI = 1.24-19.83, respectively) whereas the vacA-s2 status was associated with a decreased risk (OR 0.33; 95% CI = 0.10-0.94). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that in the H. pylori-infected southern European population, the cagA genotype and the HLA-DQB1(*)0602 gene confer an increased risk for distal gastric cancer.

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