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The bovine mammary alveolar cell-T (MAC-T) cell line is able to uniformly differentiate and secrete casein proteins in response to dexamethasone, insulin, and prolactin and is extensively used to study bovine mammary epithelial cell (MEC) function. Somatotropin, or growth hormone (GH), has been shown to increase milk protein synthesis both in vivo and in mammary cell models and to induce cytoskeletal rearrangement in a 3T3 fibroblast cell line and a Chinese hamster ovary cell line. To identify the nature of the effects of GH in MECs cultured with lactogenic hormones, changes in global protein expression were assessed in the MAC-T cell line with the use of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization tandem time of flight mass spectrometry. Forty proteins were differentially expressed in response to GH (P < 0.05) and were related to metabolism, the cytoskeleton, protein folding, RNA and DNA processing, and oxidant stress. These widespread changes in protein expression are indicative of a global role of GH in overall cellular differentiation that may underlie the direct modulation of milk component synthesis in MEC models that have been described to date.

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The preferential synthesis of heat shock proteins (Hsps) in response to thermal stress [the heat shock response (HSR)] has been shown to vary in species that occupy different thermal environments. A survey of case studies of aquatic (mostly marine) organisms occupying stable thermal environments at all latitudes, from polar to tropical, shows that they do not in general respond to heat stress with an inducible HSR. Organisms that occupy highly variable thermal environments (variations up to >20 degrees C), like the intertidal zone, induce the HSR frequently and within the range of body temperatures they normally experience, suggesting that the response is part of their biochemical strategy to occupy this thermal niche. The highest temperatures at which these organisms can synthesize Hsps are only a few degrees Celsius higher than the highest body temperatures they experience. Thus, they live close to their thermal limits and any further increase in temperature is probably going to push them beyond those limits. In comparison, organisms occupying moderately variable thermal environments (<10 degrees C), like the subtidal zone, activate the HSR at temperatures above those they normally experience in their habitats. They have a wider temperature range above their body temperature range over which they can synthesize Hsps. Contrary to our expectations, species from highly (in comparison with moderately) variable thermal environments have a limited acclimatory plasticity. Due to this variation in the HSR, species from stable and highly variable environments are likely to be more affected by climate change than species from moderately variable environments.

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Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) are highly pervasive pathogens in the human host with a seroconversion rate upwards of 60% worldwide. HSV type 1 (HSV-1) is associated with the disease herpetic stromal keratitis, the leading cause of infectious corneal blindness in the industrialized world. Individuals suffering from genital herpes associated with HSV type 2 (HSV-2) are found to be two- to threefold more susceptible in acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The morbidity associated with these infections is principally due to the inflammatory response, the development of lesions, and scarring. Chemokines have become an important aspect in understanding the host immune response to microbial pathogens due in part to the timing of expression. In this paper, we will explore the current understanding of chemokine production as it relates to the orchestration of the immune response to HSV infection.

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The time course and magnitude of the heat-shock response in relation to severity of thermal stress are important, yet poorly understood, aspects of thermotolerance. We examined patterns of protein synthesis in congeneric marine snails (genus Tegula) that occur at different heights along the subtidal to intertidal gradient after a thermal exposure (30 degrees C for 2.5 h, followed by 50 h recovery at 13 degrees C) that induced the heat-shock response. We monitored the kinetics and magnitudes of protein synthesis by quantifying incorporation of 35S-labeled methionine and cysteine into newly synthesized proteins and observed synthesis of putative heat-shock proteins (hsp's) of size classes 90, 77, 70, and 38 kDa. In the low- to mid-intertidal species, Tegula funebralis, whose body temperature frequently exceeds 30 degrees C during emersion, synthesis of hsp's commenced immediately after heat stress, reached maximal levels 1-3 h into recovery, and returned to prestress levels by 6 h, except for hsp90 (14 h). In contrast, in the low-intertidal to subtidal species, Tegula brunnea, for which 2.5 h at 30 degrees C represents a near lethal heat stress, synthesis of hsp's commenced 2-14 h after heat stress; reached maximal levels after 15-30 h, which exceeded magnitudes of synthesis in T. funebralis; and returned to prestress levels in the case of hsp90 (50 h) and hsp77 (30 h) but not in the case of hsp70 and hsp38. Exposures to 30 degrees C under aerial (emersion) and aquatic (immersion) conditions resulted in differences in hsp synthesis in T. brunnea but not in T. funebralis. The different time courses and magnitudes of hsp synthesis in these congeners suggest that the vertical limits of their distributions may be set in part by thermal stress.

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Heat stress sufficient to cause cellular damage triggers the heat-shock response, the enhanced expression of a group of molecular chaperones called heat-shock proteins (hsps). We compared the heat-shock responses of four species of marine snails of the genus Tegula that occupy thermal niches differing in absolute temperature and range of temperature. We examined the effects of short-term heat stress and thermal acclimation on the synthesis of hsps of size classes 90, 77, 70 and 38 kDa by measuring incorporation of (35)S-labeled methionine and cysteine into newly synthesized proteins in gill tissue. Temperatures at which enhanced synthesis of hsps first occurred (T(on)), temperatures of maximal induction of hsp synthesis (T(peak)) and temperatures at which hsp synthesis was heat-inactivated (T(off)) were lowest in two low-intertidal to subtidal species from the temperate zone, T. brunnea and T. montereyi, intermediate in a mid- to low-intertidal species of the temperate zone, T. funebralis, and highest in a subtropical intertidal species from the Gulf of California, T. rugosa. Synthesis of hsps and other classes of protein by T. brunnea and T. montereyi was heat-inactivated at temperatures commonly encountered by T. funebralis during low tides on warm days. In turn, protein synthesis by T. funebralis was blocked at the upper temperatures of the habitat of T. rugosa. Acclimation of snails to 13 degrees C, 18 degrees C and 23 degrees C shifted T(on) and T(peak) for certain hsps, but did not affect T(off). The heat-shock responses of field-acclimatized snails were generally reduced in comparison with those of laboratory-acclimated snails. Overall, despite the occurrence of acclimatory plasticity in their heat-shock responses, genetically fixed differences in T(on), T(peak) and T(off) appear to exist that reflect the separate evolutionary histories of these species and may play important roles in setting their thermal tolerance limits and, thereby, their biogeographic distribution patterns.

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PURPOSE: To estimate the absolute leukocyte and lymphocyte counts and relative and absolute sizes of CD19+ B lymphocytes, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD3+/HLA-DR+ T lymphocytes in full-term septic neonates and the influence of some perinatal risk factors on these lymphocyte subsets. METHODS: Twenty-one septic and mechanically ventilated full-term neonates (13 boys and eight girls) and 15 healthy full-term neonates born vaginally with an Apgar score > 9 and without hyperbilirubinemia were investigated. Two-color flow cytometric immunophenotyping with appropriate antibody panels using lysed whole vein blood was performed. RESULTS: The mean relative and absolute sizes of CD19+ B lymphocytes, CD3+/CD8+ and CD3+/HLA-DR+ T lymphocytes in septic neonates did not differ significantly from control. In contrast, the mean relative sizes of CD3+ and CD3+/CD4+ T lymphocytes and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio in septic neonates were significantly higher than in healthy neonates. With regard to the absolute size in septic neonates, only CD4+ T cells were significantly higher compared with the control group. Perinatal risk factors (birth asphyxia, gestation and delivery complications) had no significant effect on the relative and absolute counts of all estimated lymphocyte subpopulations in septic neonates. CONCLUSIONS: Increases in the relative sizes of CD3+ and CD3+/CD4+ T lymphocytes and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio in full-term septic neonates provides important information about changes in cell-mediated immunity during the early neonatal period.

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Authors have presented a very rare case of young woman favourable surgically treated for morphologically correct breast tissue in the unilateral axilla. They have paid the peculiar attention to possibility of ectopically placed breast tissue malignancy of every that case.

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