RESUMEN
Synchrotron radiation-Fourier transform infrared (SR-FTIR) microscopy coupled with multivariate data analysis was used as an independent modality to monitor the cellular bystander effect. Single, living prostate cancer PC-3 cells were irradiated with various numbers of protons, ranging from 50-2,000, with an energy of either 1 or 2 MeV using a proton microprobe. SR-FTIR spectra of cells, fixed after exposure to protons and nonirradiated neighboring cells (bystander cells), were recorded. Spectral differences were observed in both the directly targeted and bystander cells and included changes in the DNA backbone and nucleic bases, along with changes in the protein secondary structure. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to investigate the variance in the entire data set. The percentage of bystander cells relative to the applied number of protons with two different energies was calculated. Of all the applied quantities, the dose of 400 protons at 2 MeV was found to be the most effective for causing significant macromolecular perturbation in bystander PC-3 cells.
Asunto(s)
Efecto Espectador/efectos de la radiación , Análisis de Componente Principal , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , Línea Celular Tumoral , ADN/química , Reparación del ADN , Humanos , Masculino , Conformación de Ácido NucleicoRESUMEN
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is no longer considered to affect only the lungs and airways but also the rest of the body. The systemic manifestations of COPD include a number of endocrine disorders, such as those involving the pituitary, the thyroid, the gonads, the adrenals and the pancreas. The mechanisms by which COPD alters endocrine function are incompletely understood but likely involve hypoxaemia, hypercapnia, systemic inflammation and glucocorticoid administration. Altered endocrine function can worsen the clinical manifestations of COPD through several mechanisms, including decreased protein anabolism, increased protein catabolism, nonenzymatic glycosylation and activation of the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Systemic effects of endocrine disorders include abnormalities in control of breathing, decreases in respiratory and limb-muscle mass and function, worsening of respiratory mechanics, impairment of cardiac function and disorders of fluid balance. Research on endocrine manifestations of COPD embraces techniques of molecular biology, integrative physiology and controlled clinical trials. A sound understanding of the various disorders of endocrine function associated with COPD is prudent for every physician who practices pulmonary medicine.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades del Sistema Endocrino/complicaciones , Enfermedades del Sistema Endocrino/fisiopatología , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/complicaciones , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/fisiopatología , HumanosRESUMEN
AIMS: To determine the refractive status and ocular dimensions of a cohort of children at age 10-12 years with birth weight below 1701 g, and also the relation between the neonatal ophthalmic findings and subsequent refractive state. METHODS: 293 low birthweight children who had been examined in the neonatal period were assessed at 10-12 years of age. The examination consisted of autorefraction, keratometry, and A-scan. Results of right eyes were compared with published normative data. RESULTS: 293 of the birth cohort of 572 children consented to participate. The average mean spherical equivalent (MSE) in the low birthweight cohort was +0.691 dioptre, significantly higher than the control data (+0.30D, p = 0.02). The average change in MSE over the 10-12 year period was -1.00 dioptre (n = 256), but only 62.1% of cases showed a shift in refractive error of the appropriate magnitude and direction. The presence of any retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) increases the risk of developing anisometropia sixfold. CONCLUSIONS: Low birth weight and ROP both significantly impact the refractive state in the long term. At age 10-12 years children born preterm have an increased prevalence of all refractive errors. In low birthweight children refractive state is relatively stable over the first decade of life with a shift towards myopia of 1 dioptre.
Asunto(s)
Ojo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Recién Nacido de Bajo Peso/fisiología , Errores de Refracción/etiología , Peso al Nacer , Niño , Ojo/patología , Edad Gestacional , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Refracción Ocular , Errores de Refracción/patología , Errores de Refracción/fisiopatología , Retinopatía de la Prematuridad/complicaciones , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
AIM: To determine the visual functions, at age 10-12 years, of a geographically based cohort of children of birth weight less than 1701 g. The results were compared to a group of children born at full term. METHODS: 572 low birthweight (LBW) "low birthweight cohort" children who had been examined in the neonatal period were invited for review at 10-12 years of age. 169 11 year old schoolchildren born at full term were also recruited, "school cohort." Visual acuity (at distance and near), contrast sensitivity, colour vision, and visual fields were measured. RESULTS: 293 of the original 572 participants consented to a further examination. Compared to the school cohort of children born at term the low birthweight cohort showed significantly lower near and distance acuities and contrast sensitivity (p<0.001 for all uniocular and binocular measures). Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) was a very poor predictor of outcome and multivariate analysis did not identify any key neonatal factors as predictors of long term visual outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Low birthweight children have a small but statistically significant deficit in both visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. Low birth weight and ROP both impact on long term visual functions.
Asunto(s)
Recién Nacido de Bajo Peso/fisiología , Visión Ocular/fisiología , Ambliopía/fisiopatología , Niño , Estudios de Cohortes , Percepción de Color/fisiología , Sensibilidad de Contraste/fisiología , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Pronóstico , Retinopatía de la Prematuridad/fisiopatología , Visión Binocular/fisiología , Agudeza Visual/fisiología , Campos Visuales/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Questionnaires are important tools used to gain information about health and level of function in different domains. AIMS AND METHODS: To determine the degree of agreement between questionnaires, administered to parents and teachers, and ophthalmic and psychological examinations in a cohort of 309 low birth weight children (<1701 g) at age 10-13 years. RESULTS: A total of 90.9% of cases showed agreement between the question on distance vision and clinical assessment, and agreement for the near vision question was 83%. However, the correlation on an individual basis was only fair (kappa = 0.46, distance vision) to poor (kappa = 0.2, near vision). The overall agreement for the questions on cognitive ability was better than the correlation, whereas the questions on reading and mathematical ability showed low agreement and low correlation. CONCLUSION: Questionnaire assessment of vision and cognitive ability is more suitable for studying the outcome of a large population than for identifying deficits in individuals.
Asunto(s)
Cognición , Recién Nacido de Bajo Peso , Encuestas y Cuestionarios/normas , Visión Ocular/fisiología , Adolescente , Niño , Escolaridad , Docentes , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Padres/psicología , Pruebas Psicológicas , Pruebas de Visión/métodosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In critically ill patients inspiratory muscle function may be assessed by measurements of maximal inspiratory airway pressure and the response of twitch transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi tw) to bilateral phrenic nerve stimulation. The first is limited by its total dependence on patient cooperation. Although the second approach is independent of patient volition, it is impractical because it requires oesophageal and gastric balloons. Because airway pressure is easily and non-invasively recorded in patients with artificial airways, we hypothesised that twitch airway pressure (Paw tw) reliably predicts Pdi tw and twitch oesophageal pressure (Poes tw) in mechanically ventilated patients. METHODS: Thirteen mechanically ventilated patients recovering from an episode of acute respiratory failure received phrenic nerve stimulation at end exhalation. The rapid occlusion technique was used to record respiratory system mechanics. RESULTS: Stimulations were well tolerated. Mean (SE) Paw tw at end exhalation was -8.2 (1.2) cm H(2)O and Poes tw and Pdi tw were -7.3 (1.1) and 10.4 (1.8) cm H(2)O, respectively. Stimulations produced a good correlation between Paw tw and Pdi tw (p<0.001), although the limits of agreement were wide. The results were similar for Poes tw. No relationship was found between the Paw tw/Poes tw ratio and respiratory system compliance or airway resistance. Paw tw reproducibility was excellent (mean coefficient of variation 6%, range 3-9%). CONCLUSIONS: Despite a good correlation between Paw tw and Poes tw, Paw tw did not reliably predict Poes tw or Pdi tw in mechanically ventilated patients. Nevertheless, the excellent reproducibility of Paw tw suggests that it may be a useful means of monitoring inspiratory muscle contractility in the routine care of mechanically ventilated patients.
Asunto(s)
Diafragma/fisiología , Contracción Muscular/fisiología , Respiración Artificial , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/terapia , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Enfermedad Crítica , Estimulación Eléctrica , Humanos , Magnetismo , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nervio Frénico , Presión , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
The subcellular localisation of doxorubicin and Victoria Blue BO (VBBO) in a murine mammary tumour cell line EMT6-S, and the resistant sub-lineEMT6-R was studied, using confocal microscopy, in order to investigate their sites of action. In cells treated with doxorubicin (10 mu M) for 90 min, the pattern of intracellular drug distribution differed between the two cell lines. Doxorubicin was found to localise mainly in the nucleus of the sensitive cell line, whereas weak fluorescence was observed in the cytoplasm of the resistant cells, in a punctuate pattern, with no nuclear involvement. The drug also appeared to be effluxed more rapidly by the resistant cell line. The accumulation of doxorubicin at various time intervals over 1h in EMT6-S cells showed that the drug clearly interacted with both the plasma membrane and the nucleus. In contrast to doxorubicin, the intracellular distribution of VBBO in both EMT6-S and EMT6-R was similar, VBBO was clearly localised throughout the cytoplasm, in a punctuate pattern, which may be consistent with the widespread distribution of mitochondria. A more apical pattern of accumulation was noted in the EMT6-R cell line. No interaction with the plasma membrane was evident. These results indicate that the main modes of action for the two drugs differ markedly, suggesting involvement of both the membrane and the nucleus in the case of doxorubicin, but mitochondrial involvement for VBBO.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones Oportunistas Relacionadas con el SIDA , Cuidados Críticos , Infecciones por VIH , Infecciones , Enfermedades Pulmonares Intersticiales , Enfermedades Pulmonares , Tuberculosis Pulmonar , Infecciones Oportunistas Relacionadas con el SIDA/diagnóstico , Infecciones Oportunistas Relacionadas con el SIDA/epidemiología , Infecciones Oportunistas Relacionadas con el SIDA/inmunología , Infecciones Oportunistas Relacionadas con el SIDA/terapia , Animales , Biomarcadores/análisis , Bronquiectasia/diagnóstico , Bronquiectasia/terapia , Cuidados Críticos/métodos , Cuidados Críticos/normas , Cuidados Críticos/tendencias , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Infecciones por VIH/diagnóstico , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , Infecciones por VIH/terapia , Humanos , Hipertensión Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Hipertensión Pulmonar/terapia , Huésped Inmunocomprometido , Infecciones/diagnóstico , Infecciones/terapia , Enfermedades Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Pulmonares/terapia , Enfermedades Pulmonares Intersticiales/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Pulmonares Intersticiales/terapia , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Biología Molecular , Publicaciones Periódicas como Asunto , Factores de Riesgo , Sarcoidosis/diagnóstico , Sarcoidosis/genética , Sarcoidosis/terapia , Esclerodermia Sistémica/diagnóstico , Esclerodermia Sistémica/terapia , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/epidemiología , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/terapiaAsunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos/efectos adversos , Cuidados Críticos , Hipertensión Pulmonar , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Trasplante de Pulmón , Enfermedades Pleurales , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica , Tromboembolia , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Bronquiolitis Obliterante/diagnóstico , Bronquiolitis Obliterante/terapia , Cuidados Críticos/métodos , Cuidados Críticos/tendencias , Humanos , Hipertensión Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Hipertensión Pulmonar/etiología , Hipertensión Pulmonar/terapia , Inflamación , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/epidemiología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapia , Trasplante de Pulmón/métodos , Trasplante de Pulmón/tendencias , Biología Molecular , Publicaciones Periódicas como Asunto , Enfermedades Pleurales/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Pleurales/terapia , Pleurodesia , Neumonectomía , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/diagnóstico , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/etiología , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/terapia , Factores de Riesgo , Cese del Hábito de Fumar , Tromboembolia/diagnóstico , Tromboembolia/etiología , Tromboembolia/terapiaAsunto(s)
Asma/fisiopatología , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Respiratorios , Rinitis , Animales , Antiasmáticos/uso terapéutico , Asma/tratamiento farmacológico , Asma/inmunología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Humanos , Enfermedades Profesionales/epidemiología , Enfermedades Profesionales/etiología , Enfermedades Profesionales/fisiopatología , Rinitis/inmunología , Rinitis/terapiaAsunto(s)
Fibrosis Quística , Surfactantes Pulmonares/deficiencia , Enfermedades Respiratorias , Asma/fisiopatología , Asma/terapia , Niño , Preescolar , Fibrosis Quística/fisiopatología , Fibrosis Quística/terapia , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Recien Nacido Prematuro , Pediatría , Pruebas de Función Respiratoria , Enfermedades Respiratorias/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Respiratorias/fisiopatología , Enfermedades Respiratorias/terapia , Factores de RiesgoAsunto(s)
Cuidados Críticos , Trastornos Respiratorios/terapia , Administración por Inhalación , Animales , Infección Hospitalaria/terapia , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Humanos , Monitoreo Fisiológico , Óxido Nítrico/administración & dosificación , Publicaciones Periódicas como Asunto , Neumonía/etiología , Respiración Artificial/efectos adversos , Respiración Artificial/métodos , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria/diagnóstico , Sepsis/terapia , Estados UnidosAsunto(s)
Músculos Respiratorios/fisiopatología , Síndromes de la Apnea del Sueño , Adulto , Animales , Broncoscopía , Niño , Cuidados Críticos , Humanos , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Publicaciones Periódicas como Asunto , Respiración , Pruebas de Función Respiratoria/normas , Síndromes de la Apnea del Sueño/diagnóstico , Síndromes de la Apnea del Sueño/epidemiología , Síndromes de la Apnea del Sueño/metabolismo , Síndromes de la Apnea del Sueño/fisiopatología , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
A variant of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching allows us to observe the diffusion of photosynthetic complexes in cyanobacterial thylakoid membranes in vivo. The unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 is a wonderful model organism for fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, because it has a favorable membrane geometry and is well characterized and transformable. In Synechococcus 7942 (as in other cyanobacteria) we find that photosystem II is immobile, but phycobilisomes diffuse rapidly on the membrane surface. The diffusion coefficient is 3 x 10(-10) cm(2) s(-1) at 30 degrees C. This shows that the association of phycobilisomes with reaction centers is dynamic; there are no stable phycobilisome-reaction center complexes in vivo. We report the effects of mutations that change the phycobilisome size and membrane lipid composition. 1) In a mutant with no phycobilisome rods, the phycobilisomes remain mobile with a slightly faster diffusion coefficient. This confirms that the diffusion we observe is of intact phycobilisomes rather than detached rod elements. The faster diffusion coefficient in the mutant indicates that the rate of diffusion is partly determined by the phycobilisome size. 2) The temperature dependence of the phycobilisome diffusion coefficient indicates that the phycobilisomes have no integral membrane domain. It is likely that association with the membrane is mediated by multiple weak interactions with lipid head groups. 3) Changing the lipid composition of the thylakoid membrane has a dramatic effect on phycobilisome mobility. The results cannot be explained in terms of changes in the fluidity of the membrane; they suggest that lipids play a role in controlling phycobilisome-reaction center interaction.
Asunto(s)
Cianobacterias/metabolismo , Proteínas/metabolismo , Tilacoides/metabolismo , Transporte Biológico , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Luz , Complejos de Proteína Captadores de Luz , Microscopía Fluorescente , Proteínas del Complejo del Centro de Reacción Fotosintética/metabolismo , Ficobilisomas , Unión Proteica , Estructura Terciaria de Proteína , Espectrometría de Fluorescencia , Temperatura , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Using Quality Improvement project methodology, complex organisational and clinical practice change was brought about to improve services for people with co-existing mental health and alcohol and drug misuse. The project describes local uptake and adaptation of national and state policy to achieve change that is sustainable within existing resources. Emphasis on engagement of staff and consumers and carers throughout the change was an essential component. The project has implications for the introduction of changes in response to other national policy directives.
Asunto(s)
Diagnóstico Dual (Psiquiatría) , Trastornos Mentales/terapia , Servicios de Salud Mental/normas , Garantía de la Calidad de Atención de Salud , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/terapia , Humanos , Trastornos Mentales/complicaciones , Australia del Sur , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/complicacionesRESUMEN
Repeat Deliberate Self Harm is a recognised risk factor for completed suicide and therefore reduction by effective health service response represents a valid contribution to suicide prevention. However, only a small fraction of people with deliberate self harm presentations to general health settings actually reach specialist mental health follow-up appointments. Therefore, even if responses at that point are known to be effective they do not make a significant contribution to reducing repeat self-harm overall. We describe health system organisational change strategies to improve health service engagement for the target group, and present data demonstrating the effectiveness of these strategies.
Asunto(s)
Psiquiatría del Adolescente/organización & administración , Servicios de Salud Mental/normas , Innovación Organizacional , Conducta Autodestructiva/terapia , Prevención del Suicidio , Gestión de la Calidad Total/organización & administración , Adolescente , Psiquiatría del Adolescente/normas , Continuidad de la Atención al Paciente/organización & administración , Medicina Basada en la Evidencia , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Servicios de Salud Mental/organización & administración , Nueva Gales del Sur , Proyectos Piloto , Evaluación de Programas y Proyectos de Salud , Factores de Riesgo , Conducta Autodestructiva/complicaciones , Suicidio/psicologíaRESUMEN
To evaluate the effects of endotoxemia on respiratory controller function, 12 subjects were randomized to receive endotoxin or saline; six also received ibuprofen, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and six received placebo. Administration of endotoxin produced fever, increased respiratory frequency, decreased inspiratory time, and widened alveolar-arterial oxygen tension gradient (all p < or = 0.001); these responses were blocked by ibuprofen. Independent of ibuprofen, endotoxin produced dyspnea, and it increased fractional inspiratory time, minute ventilation, and mean inspiratory flow (all p < or = 0.025). Endotoxin altered the autocorrelative behavior of respiratory frequency by increasing its autocorrelation coefficient at a lag of one breath, the number of breath lags with significant serial correlations, and its correlated fraction (all p < 0.05); these responses were blocked by ibuprofen. Changes in correlated behavior of respiratory frequency were related to changes in arterial carbon dioxide tension (r = 0.86; p < 0.03). Endotoxin decreased the oscillatory fraction of inspiratory time in both the placebo (p < 0.05) and ibuprofen groups (p = 0.06). In conclusion, endotoxin produced increases in respiratory motor output and dyspnea independent of fever and symptoms, and it curtailed the freedom to vary respiratory timing-a response that appears to be mediated by the cyclooxygenase pathway.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/uso terapéutico , Disnea/inmunología , Disnea/fisiopatología , Endotoxemia/inmunología , Endotoxemia/fisiopatología , Endotoxinas/efectos adversos , Ibuprofeno/uso terapéutico , Prostaglandina-Endoperóxido Sintasas/efectos de los fármacos , Prostaglandina-Endoperóxido Sintasas/inmunología , Ventilación Pulmonar/efectos de los fármacos , Ventilación Pulmonar/inmunología , Sepsis/inmunología , Sepsis/fisiopatología , Adulto , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/inmunología , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/farmacología , Análisis de los Gases de la Sangre , Dióxido de Carbono/sangre , Disnea/tratamiento farmacológico , Disnea/metabolismo , Endotoxemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Endotoxemia/metabolismo , Femenino , Fiebre/tratamiento farmacológico , Fiebre/inmunología , Fiebre/metabolismo , Fiebre/fisiopatología , Humanos , Ibuprofeno/inmunología , Ibuprofeno/farmacología , Inflamación , Masculino , Músculos Respiratorios/efectos de los fármacos , Músculos Respiratorios/inmunología , Músculos Respiratorios/fisiopatología , Sepsis/tratamiento farmacológico , Sepsis/metabolismo , Método Simple CiegoRESUMEN
How do the respiratory centres of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and hypercapnia respond to acute increases in inspiratory load? A depressed respiratory motor output has long been postulated, but studies on this issue have yielded inconsistent results, partly due to limitations of investigative techniques. Many of these limitations can be overcome by the twitch interpolation technique, which is capable of accurately quantifying the degree of diaphragmatic activation, termed the voluntary drive to breathe. The hypothesis that patients with COPD and hypercapnia compensate for an acute increase in mechanical load on the inspiratory muscles with a lower voluntary drive to breathe than is the case with normocapnic patients was tested. Measurements were obtained in 15 patients with COPD, six of whom displayed hypercapnia and nine normocapnia. The maximum degree of diaphragmatic activation, expressed as a voluntary activation index (mean +/- SEM), was higher in hypercapnic than in normocapnic patients (98.7 +/- 0.7 versus 94.5 +/- 0.9% (p = 0.006)), as was the mean value (94.5 +/- 0.7 versus 88.5 +/- 1.9% (p = 0.01)). Within-patient values of the index were also less variable in the hypercapnic patients (coefficients of variation, 3.4 +/- 0.3 versus 6.1 +/- 0.9%, p = 0.01). Multiple regression analysis revealed the ratio of dynamic elastance to maximum transdiaphragmatic pressure, an index of inspiratory muscle loading, and pH as the only variables that correlated with maximum voluntary activation index (r2 = 0.69, p = 0.02 for each variable). Contrary to the hypothesis, it was concluded that voluntary activation of the diaphragm was greater and less variable in hypercapnic patients than normocapnic patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during an acute increase in inspiratory mechanical load. Whether greater diaphragmatic recruitment during episodes of a severe exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease provides a survival advantage for hypercapnic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease remains to be determined.