RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Aim: This article is aimed at raising awareness and stimulating scientific discussion on the necessity of involving qualified medical professionals in conducting criminal procedural actions that involve intervention in human somatic rights, in order to further improve the legal instruments ensuring compliance with the European Court of Human Rights (hereinafter referred to as the ECHR) standards in this field. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and Methods: In preparing the article, the following issues were worked out: the provisions of international legal acts; legal positions of the ECHR related to the use of medical knowledge in the criminal process; scientific studies of various aspects of the use of medical knowledge in the criminal process. The methodological basis of the research is dialectical, comparative-legal, systemic-structural, analytical, synthetic, complex research methods. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The use of medical knowledge in the criminal process generally takes two forms: (a) expert and (b) ancillary. The expert form, particularly forensic medical examination, must adhere to a set of criteria reflected in the practice of the ECHR. Personal searches involving penetration into human body cavities generally align with the requirements of the he European Convention on Human Rights (hereinafter referred to as the Convention), provided certain conditions are met, including medical considerations. The criterion for the admissibility of coercive collection of biological samples for examination is the existence of samples independent of the individual's will.
Asunto(s)
Derechos Humanos , Humanos , Derechos Humanos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Europa (Continente) , Medicina Legal/legislación & jurisprudencia , Testimonio de Experto/legislación & jurisprudencia , Derecho Penal/legislación & jurisprudenciaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim: To identify, group and analyze international standards in terms of regulating the criminal procedural status of persons su!ering from mental disorders. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: In preparing the article, the following issues were worked out: the provisions of international legal acts; legal positions of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the observance of the right to a fair trial of persons su!ering from mental disorders; scienti"c research to ensure the rights of persons su!ering from mental disorders in criminal proceedings. The methodological basis of the research is dialectical, comparative-legal, systemic-structural, analytical, synthetic, complex research methods. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: Universal international standards of human rights retain their validity for persons su!ering from mental disorders; today, a clear synchronization of universal (global) and European standards for determining the procedural status of persons su!ering from mental disorders is being followed; the most justi"ed is a di!erentiated approach to solving the issue of personal participation of a person su!ering from a mental disorder in a court hearing.
Asunto(s)
Criminales , Trastornos Mentales , Trastornos Psicóticos , Humanos , Derechos HumanosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim: The aim of this work is a legal analysis of the mental health presumption and its application by judges in assessing the report of the FPE; formulation of scientifically substantiated proposals for determining the criteria for the judge's assessment of the FPE report in refuting the presumption of mental health context. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: The basis for the article was the results of scientific research published by representatives of different states regarding the criteria for assessing the expert's opinion as a procedural source of evidence; legislation (in the field of psychiatric care and criminal justice) of a number of European and Asian states and its implementation xperience; results of the survey of 88 judges conducted by the authors (judges of local courts of Ukraine, the survey was conducted in 2020) on key issues of ensuring the participation of a person suffering from a mental disorder in a court hearing. In this research, a complex of general and special scientific methods of cognition was used (comparative legal method, systemic-structural method, generalization method, method of analysis and synthesis, method of sociological research, method of expert assessments, etc.). RESULTS: Results: According to the results of the research: a) it is stated that the presumption of a person's mental health is a common European standard, regardless of the normative consolidation at the level of domestic legislation; b) it is proved that the effectiveness of the judge's use of the presumption of mental health in criminal proceedings directly correlates with his or her competent assessment of the FPE report and the providing appropriate argumentation in a court hearing; c) the factors that allow the judge to correctly assess the report of the FPE and put it in the basis of decision-making (that is, to refute the presumption of mental health of a person), or, on the contrary, to deny it (stating that the presumption of mental health has not been abolished). CONCLUSION: Conclusions: As a principle of modern psychiatry, the presumption of mental health is directly correlated with the FPE report, based on which it can be refuted. This determines the special importance of a competent assessment of this procedural source of evidence, the need for the judge to take into account several factors and to provide appropriate argumentation in the court hearing.
Asunto(s)
Criminales , Trastornos Psicóticos , Derecho Penal , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Salud Mental , UcraniaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim: The aim of this work is to identify the compliance level of modern practice of placement of a person in a medical institution in order to conduct the FPE to international standards and legal positions of the ECHR in terms of ensuring the right to liberty and security of person; formulation of scientifically substantiated proposals on the synchronization directions of national practices with the specified international standards. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: During the preparation of the article the following was processed: scientific research on ensuring the rights of persons suffering from mental disorders in criminal proceedings; provisions of international agreements on the provision of psychiatric care; legal positions of the ECHR on the observance of persons' rights suffering from mental disorders (15 judgments on this topic); criminal procedural legislation of individual states; results of generalization of national law enforcement practice; the results of a survey conducted by the authors of 18 psychiatrists who practice in the field of forensic psychiatric examinations (psychiatrists working in state psychiatric clinics in Odesa, Poltava, Kharkiv were interviewed). In the process of research a set of general scientific and special methods of cognition was used (comparative-legal method, system-structural method, generalization method, method of analysis and synthesis, method of sociological research, method of expert assessments, etc.). RESULTS: Results: According to the research results: a) legal positions of the ECHR on the observance of the rights of persons suffering from mental disorders are identified and generalized; b) the compliance level of modern practice of placing a person in a medical institution in order to conduct the FPE with international standards and legal positions of the ECHR in terms of ensuring the right to liberty and security of person (§ 1 of Article 5 of the Convention); c) the degree of extrapolation of these positions to the activities of psychiatrists is analyzed; d) the optimal ways of solving the existing problems in the aspect of ensuring the rights of a person when placing them in a medical institution for an inpatient FPE are proposed. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The current national practice of placing a person in a medical institution for an inpatient FPE does not fully comply with the legal positions of the ECHR in terms of ensuring the right to liberty and security of person (in particular, there are deviations from the positions of the ECHR on: determining the documentary basis for the appointment of an inpatient FPE; interaction of police and medical workers in the field of psychiatry during the detention of a person with a mental disorder).
Asunto(s)
Criminales , Derechos Humanos , Personal de Salud , Humanos , Pacientes InternosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work is to identify and analyze the key positions of the ECHR in the context of respect for the right to a fair trial (Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (hereinafter - the Convention)) of a person suffering from mental disorders in criminal proceedings concerning the application of compulsory medical measures (hereinafter referred to as CMM); formulation of scientifically substantiated proposals for determining the restriction legality criteria of the right of a person suffering from a mental disorder to personal participation in the trial. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: During the preparation of the article, the following was processed: scientific research on ensuring the rights of persons suffering from mental disorders in criminal proceedings; provisions of international agreements on the provision of psychiatric care; the legal position of the ECHR on the observance of the right to a fair trial of persons suffering from mental disorders (6 decisions were analyzed in which the ECHR addressed these issues in the context of the requirements of Article 6 of the Convention); criminal procedural legislation of individual states; the results of a survey conducted by the authors of 88 judges (judges of local courts of Ukraine) on key issues of ensuring the participation of a person suffering from a mental disorder in a court hearing. In the process of research a set of general scientific and special methods of cognition was used (comparative-legal method, systemic-structural method, generalization method, method of analysis and synthesis, method of sociological research, method of expert assessments, etc.). RESULTS: Results: According to the results of the research: a) the legal positions of the ECHR to ensure the right of a person suffering from a mental disorder to a fair trial are identified and generalized (Article 6 of the Convention); b) criteria for the legality of restricting the right of a person suffering from a mental disorder to personal participation in the trial are proposed. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: An analysis of the ECHR's key positions led to the conclusion that there was a violation of a person's right to a fair trial in national case law (Article 6 of theConvention), due in part to the lack of clear criteria for legally restricting a person's right to a trial.
Asunto(s)
Criminales , Trastornos Psicóticos , Derechos Humanos , Humanos , Salud Mental , UcraniaRESUMEN
Introduction: The use of modern advances in medicine to investigate crimes has caused a number of problems that require scientific reflection. In particular, today there are quite acute questions: medical intervention without the person's consent; forced sampling of human biological materials; clinical methods, the use of which in the biological samples taking will not be regarded as violation of international standards of human rights protection; the correlation of the need for the formation of DNA profile databases and the right of the person to non-disclosure of medical information. The aim: The aim of this work is to identify and analyze the key points of the European Court of Human Rights (hereinafter referred to as the ECHR) regarding the peculiarities of retention and use of human biological material samples in the investigation of crimes, and the retention of such materials after the completion of the investigation and trial. Material and methods: In the preparation of the article, scientific works, the provisions of international normative acts regulating the use of human biological materials as well as the practice of the ECHR concerning the use of human biological materials in the investigation of crimes were used (8 decisions were analyzed in which the ECHR concerned the use of biological samples or related issues). In the research process to achieve the goal, a complex of general scientific and special methods of cognition was used, in particular, the comparative legal method, the system and structural method, the method of generalization, the method of analysis and synthesis, etc. Review: The positions of the ECHR concerning the following were distinguished and generalized: a) the criteria for the permissibility of compulsory medical intervention for taking of human biological material within the framework of the crime investigation; b) the possibilities of spreading the right not to incriminate oneself on the compulsory taking of human biological materials samples; c) the retention features of cell samples and DNA information in the context of respect for the right to non-interference in the person's private life. Conclusions: Obtaining and using the human material for the investigation of crimes are not a violation of the European Convention on Human Rights (hereinafter the Convention), subject to the requirements stated in the practice of the ECHR.
Asunto(s)
Criminales , Derechos Humanos , HumanosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Introduction: The article is devoted to the research of topical issues of ensuring the rights of persons suffering from mental disorders and who are subject to criminal proceedings on the application of compulsory medical measures (hereinafter - CMM). The research was conducted in the context of international standards and interpretative practice of the European Court of Human Rights (hereinafter referred to as the ECHR or the Court). The aim: The aim of this study is to analyze international acts concerning the protection of the rights of mentally ill persons when applying compulsory medical measures; to highlight and analyze the ECHR's key positions in the context of respect for the right to liberty and security of person (Article 5 § 1 (e) of the European Convention on Human Rights (hereinafter referred to as the Convention)) and the right to a fair trial (Article 6 of the Convention) in criminal proceedings concerning the use of CMM; to analyse the law enforcement practice and activities of psychiatrist experts on compliance with European standards for the protection of the rights of persons with mental disorders who are subject to criminal proceedings. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: rescent scientific researches; provisions of international legal acts in the field of psychiatric care; the legal standpoint of the ECHR in respecting the rights of persons with mental disorders (15 decisions were analyzed in which the ECHR addressed these issues in the context of the requirements of Articles 5 and 6 of the Convention); criminal procedural legislation of foreign states (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Russian Federation, Estonia, Uzbekistan, Germany); the results of the survey of 20 psychiatrists and experts conducted by the authors were used in this article To achieve this aim of research process a set of general scientific and special methods of cognition, including comparative and legal method, system and structural method, method of generalization, method of analysis and synthesis, method of sociological research, method of expert evaluation, etc. bein used. RESULTS: Results: summarized and generalized ECHR's standpoints concerning: a) minimum conditions without which a person cannot be considered as "mentally ill" and imprisoned; b) the aspects taken into account by the ECHR within each minimum condition in the context of ensuring the right to liberty and security of person (Article 5 § 1 (e) of the Convention); c) the peculiarities of the personal participation of an individual with a mental disorder in the judicial review of the application of CMM in terms of observing its right to a fair trial (Article 6 of the Convention). The degree of extrapolation of these standpoints to the activity of psychiatrists was identified and analyzed. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: the current practice of applying CMM in criminal proceedings does not fully comply with the international standards and legal positions of the ECHR in terms of providing a person with a mental disorder the right to liberty and security of person and the right to a fair trial (in particular, the minimum conditions without which a person cannot be considered as "mentally ill" and be imprisoned are not always met).