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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Firearms used by hunters produce intermittent loud noises. These sounds, which are above the safe limits set by the World Health Organization, can cause cochlear damage. Detection of cochlear damage at an early stage, before clinical complaints appear, will enable serious treatment measures. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 105 male hunters without hearing complaints and 45 controls who were not exposed to loud noise were compared and investigated. Extended high-frequency audiograms and conventional audiograms were used to compare the groups. RESULTS: The problem detection rates of conventional high-frequency audiometry, extended high-frequency audiometry, and both tests together were 59.1, 78.1, and 82.9%, respectively. There was no statistical difference between audiometric values at the extended high-frequency and at the acoustic notch at 4 kHz. When the extended high-frequency audiogram was grouped, values at the frequencies of 16, 14, and 12 kHz were affected before that at the acoustic notch at 4 kHz. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study indicate that hearing at extended high frequencies was affected before that at conventional high frequencies in individuals exposed to intermittent loud sounds. The first affected extended high frequencies were 16, 14, and 12 kHz. Although there was no statistically significant relationship between values at the notch and at extended high frequencies, the presence of a notch at 4 kHz, provided that 8 kHz is normal, may indicate a later stage of damage.

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Diabetic patients may suffer from a wide range of musculoskeletal disorders that can cause pain and some dysfunctions in the patient and affect the treatment negatively or reduce the quality of life by causing problems in the implementation of exercise programs, which are very important in the treatment of patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Although most of these problems are also seen in non-diabetics, they are more frequently observed but are not specific to diabetics. Their physiopathology is not fully understood; there is some evidence suggesting that macro- and microvascular complications of diabetes are responsible. A diagnosis of musculoskeletal dysfunctions in diabetic patients is made by clinical findings, and there is currently no specific treatment. If the treatment of problems requires corticosteroid use, diabetes can be hard to manage. In this review, we summarized the general features, diagnosis, and treatment modalities of frequent and important musculoskeletal disorders in diabetic patients.

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OBJECTIVE: It is stated that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are low in Turkish people and that this may be related to genetic factors. Low HDL-C is a parameter of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). In this study, the relationship between low HDL-C levels and MetS has been investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 720 successive patients, 20 years or older, were categorized into two groups, as those with low-HDL-C (in men < 40 mg/dl, in women < 50 mg/dl) and those without low-HDL-C levels (in men > or = 40 mg/dl, in women > or = 50 mg/dl). The groups were compared according to the frequency of the MetS and the averages of the MetS criteria other than HDL-C. Moreover, two groups were formed with normal (< 150 mg/dl) and high (> or = 150 mg/dl) triglyceride levels and they have been compared with the average HDL-C levels. The frequency of MetS was 70.8% in the group with low-HDL-C and 24.2% in the group without low HDL-C levels (p < 0.001). The averages of the MetS criteria other than the HDL-C were 2.17 +/- 1.19 in the group with low-HDL-C levels and 1.59 +/- 1.15 in the group without low-HDL-C levels (p < 0.001). Average HDL-C level was 48.90 +/- 13.40 mg/dl in the group with normal triglyceride levels and 44.41 +/- 10.26 mg/dl in the group with high triglyceride levels (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that low HDL-C is related to the MetS in our patients, a selected group of a population reported to have a low HDL-C average.

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