RESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To perform a systematic review on the characteristics of participants who attended screening programmes with blood glucose tests, lipid profiles or a combination of them, respectively. DESIGN: Systematic review following the Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist. DATA SOURCES: PubMed and Medline databases for English literature from 1 January 2000 to 1 April 2020. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Original observational studies that reported baseline characteristics of apparently healthy adult participants screening for diabetes and lipid disorders were included in this review. DATA EXTRACTION: We examined their sociodemographic characteristics, including age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and lifestyle habits. The quality of the included articles was evaluated by the Appraisal of Cross-sectional Studies. RESULTS: A total of 33 articles involving 38 studies in 22 countries were included and analysed in this systematic review. Overall, there was a higher participation rate among subjects who were female in all screening modalities (female vs male: 46.6%-63.9% vs 36.1%-53.4% for diabetes screening; 48.8%-58.4% vs 41.6%-51.2% for lipid screening; and 36.4%-76.8% vs 23.2%-63.6% for screening offering both). Compared with the BMI standard from the WHO, participants in lipid screening had lower BMI (male: 23.8 kg/m2 vs 24.2 kg/m2, p<0.01; female: 22.3 kg/m2 vs 23.6 kg/m2, p<0.01). Furthermore, it is less likely for individuals of lower socioeconomic status to participate in diabetes or lipid screening in developed areas. CONCLUSIONS: We identified that individuals from lower socioeconomic groups were less likely to take up programmes for diabetes and/or lipid screening in developed areas. These populations are also likely to be at higher risk of non-communicable diseases. Future studies should investigate the barriers and facilitators of screening among non-participants, where targeted interventions to enhance their screening uptake are warranted.
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Diabetes Mellitus , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Lípidos , Masculino , Tamizaje Masivo , Organización Mundial de la SaludRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between parental pro-drinking practices (PPDPs) and alcohol drinking in Hong Kong Chinese adolescents. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: 4 randomly selected secondary schools in Hong Kong. PARTICIPANTS: 1738 students (mean age 14.6 years ± 2.0, boys 67.8%). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Drinking status, drinking intention and exposure to 9 PPDPs (eg, seeing parents drunk, helping parents buy alcohol, encouraged to drink by parents) were reported by students. Logistic regression was used to compute adjusted ORs (AORs) of drinking and intention to drink by each PPDP and the number of PPDPs (0, 1-2, 3-4, 5 or above), adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, parental drinking and school clustering. RESULTS: Nearly half (48.6%) of the students were ever-drinkers, 16.2% drank monthly (at least once per month) and 40.3% intended to drink in the next 12 months. Most PPDPs were significantly associated with ever drinking (AORs 1.40-6.20), monthly drinking (AORs 1.12-8.20) and intention to drink (AORs 1.40-5.02). Both ever and monthly drinking were most strongly associated with parental training of drinking capacity (ability to drink more without getting drunk) with AORs of 6.20 and 8.20 (both p<0.001), respectively. Adolescent drinking intention was most strongly associated with parental encouragement of drinking and training of drinking capacity with AORs of 3.19 and 5.02 (both p<0.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to PPDPs was associated with ever drinking, monthly drinking and drinking intention in Hong Kong Chinese adolescents. More studies, especially prospective studies, should be conducted to confirm these results, followed by interventional studies.
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Conducta del Adolescente/psicología , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/psicología , Padres/psicología , Adolescente , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Hong Kong/epidemiología , Humanos , Intención , Masculino , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Health needs of different employee subgroups within an industry can differ. We report the results of a workplace cardiopulmonary risk assessment targeting workers and support staff in the construction industry. METHODS: A free worksite-based cardiopulmonary risk assessment for 1,903 workers on infrastructural contracts across Hong Kong was initiated in May 2014. Cardiopulmonary risk screening was performed in 60-minute blocks for approximately 30 workers/block with individualized feedback and lifestyle counseling. Risk profiles stratified by occupational roles are differentiated using the χ2-test for categorical and Student's t-test for continuous variables. RESULTS: Most construction workers and clerks/professionals were male (83.2% and 71.2%, respectively) and Chinese (78.7% and 90.9%, respectively). Construction workers were older (mean: 44.9 years, SD 11.5) and less well-educated (6.1% received tertiary education) than clerks/professionals (35.0 years, 10.7; 72.6% received tertiary education), but more likely to be hypertensive (22.6% vs. 15.4%, p<0.001), overweight/obese (71.7% vs. 56.6%, p<0.001), centrally obese (53.1% vs. 35.5%, p<0.001), and have undesirable levels of high-density lipoprotein (41.6% vs. 35.8%, p<0.05) and diabetic levels of non-fasting blood glucose (4.3% vs. 1.6%, p<0.05). Up to 12.6% of construction workers and 9.7% of office clerks/professions had three or more metabolic syndrome risk factors. While construction workers were more likely than clerks/professionals to be daily smokers, they reported better work-related physical activity and diet. CONCLUSIONS: Simple worksite health risk screening can identify potentially high-cardiopulmonary-risk construction industry employee subgroups for onward confirmatory referral. Separate cardiopulmonary health promotion strategies that account for the varying lifestyle profiles of the two employee subgroups in the industry appear justified.
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Industria de la Construcción/estadística & datos numéricos , Promoción de la Salud/métodos , Cardiopatías/epidemiología , Hipertensión/epidemiología , Lugar de Trabajo/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Consejo , Conducta Alimentaria , Femenino , Cardiopatías/prevención & control , Hong Kong/epidemiología , Humanos , Hipertensión/prevención & control , Estilo de Vida , Lipoproteínas HDL/sangre , Masculino , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Obesidad/epidemiología , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Parental alcohol-related practices are important risk factors of adolescent drinking, but little is known about the factors associated with these parental pro-drinking practices (PPDPs). We investigated the correlates of 9 PPDPs in drinking parents of adolescents in Hong Kong. METHODS: A total of 2200 students (age 14.8±2.0; boys 63.2%) participated in a school-based cross-sectional survey in 2012. Analysis was restricted to 1087 (61.8%) students with at least 1 drinking parent as PPDPs were much more common in these families. Logistic regression was used to identify correlates of each PPDP. RESULTS: Among 1087 students, the prevalence of PPDPs ranged from 8.2% for training drinking capacity to 65.7% for seeing parents drink. Only 14.8% of students had not experienced any of these practices. More frequent maternal drinking predicted parental training of drinking capacity. Older age predicted helping parents buy alcohol and parental encouragement of drinking. Adolescent girls were more likely to have received parental training of drinking capacity than boys. Higher perceived family affluence was associated with hearing parents saying benefits of drinking, and helping parents open bottle and pour alcohol. CONCLUSIONS: PPDPs were associated with parental drinking frequency and various socio-demographic factors. These results have implications on alcohol control programmes involving parents to tailor messages for reducing PPDPs based on the characteristics of adolescents and parents.
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Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/epidemiología , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Adolescente , Conducta del Adolescente , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Hong Kong/epidemiología , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Padres , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
AIMS: We investigated the prevalence of various parental pro-drinking practices and its association with parental drinking status. METHODS: A school-based survey was completed by 2200 students (mean age 14.8, SD 2.0; boys 51.4%) from 4 randomly selected secondary schools in Hong Kong. Students reported whether they had ever experienced each of nine parental pro-drinking practices (PPDPs). RESULTS: Overall, 67.5% of students reported at least one PPDP, but the prevalence was much higher if both parents were drinkers (89.0%) compared with non-drinkers (38.8%). The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) (95% CI) of experiencing at least one PPDP was 6.79 (4.98, 9.26) if either parent drank and 15.71 (10.50, 23.50) if both drank compared with none (P for trend <0.001). Compared with non-drinking, the AORs (95% CI) of experiencing at least one PPDP for occasional drinking and frequent drinking were 6.72 (5.03, 8.98) and 18.11 (9.88, 33.18) in fathers (P for trend <0.001), and 7.33 (5.15, 10.44) and 5.33 (1.98, 14.45) in mothers. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of PPDPs was generally low in non-drinking parents, but increased dramatically with the number of drinking parents and the frequency of paternal drinking.
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Conducta del Adolescente/etnología , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/etnología , Recolección de Datos , Relaciones Padres-Hijo/etnología , Adolescente , Conducta del Adolescente/psicología , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/psicología , Niño , Recolección de Datos/métodos , Femenino , Hong Kong/etnología , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Few studies have examined the effect of excess television (TV) viewing on specific mental health outcomes, such as self-esteem. We explored the cross-sectional association between TV viewing hours and self-esteem in young children. METHODS: A total of 70,210 primary 4 (US grade 4) participants of the Department of Health Student Health Service, Hong Kong, in 1998-2000 reported TV viewing hours in a standardized questionnaire. Self-esteem was assessed using the Culture-Free Self-Esteem Inventories for Children (SEI) with 4 subscales. Multivariate linear regression yielded beta coefficients (ß) for SEI subscale scores by TV hours, adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, lifestyle characteristics, and highest parental education and occupational status. RESULTS: Only 10.9% of children watched >4 hours per day, while 45.3% watched TV for 1 to ≤2 hours per day. Compared with children who watched <1 hour of TV per day, those who watched a moderate amount (1 to ≤2 hours/day) had higher (more favorable) SEI scores in the General (ß = 0.09; 95% confidence interval = 0.02-0.16), Social (0.05; 0.01-0.09), and Parent-Related (0.04; 0.00-0.08) subscales but lower scores in the Academic subscale (-0.06; -0.09 to -0.02). Children who watched >2 hours of TV per day had lower SEI scores than those who watched <1 hour per day in all 4 subscales. CONCLUSIONS: An inverted J-shaped relation was observed between TV viewing hours and self-esteem among young children. The development of self-esteem among children who report little or excessive TV viewing should be further studied.
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Estudios Transversales , Autoimagen , Televisión , Logro , Índice de Masa Corporal , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Inventario de Personalidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Psicometría , Factores Socioeconómicos , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Although breakfast is associated with different benefits, breakfast skipping is increasingly common among children. This study aimed to identify lifestyle and socioeconomic correlates of breakfast skipping in Hong Kong schoolchildren. METHODS: 68,606 primary 4 participants of the Department of Health Student Health Service in 1998-2000 reported breakfast habit and other lifestyle characteristics using a standardized questionnaire. Height and weight were measured by trained SHS nurses. Socioeconomic data were reported by parents. In cross-sectional analysis, multivariate logistic regression was used to identify lifestyle and socioeconomic correlates of breakfast skipping. RESULTS: 3,598 subjects (5.2%) usually skipped breakfast. Breakfast skipping was associated with being overweight (Odds ratio=1.59, 95% CI: 1.46 to 1.73) and obese (2.06, 1.80 to 2.36), and unhealthy dietary habits including more frequent junk food (1.23, 1.14 to 1.33) but less frequent fruit/vegetable (1.23, 1.13 to 1.34) and milk (1.98, 1.80 to 2.16) intake. Breakfast skippers tended to skip lunch, do less extra-curricular physical activity, watch more television and have less educated parents. CONCLUSIONS: Breakfast skipping was significantly related to various health-compromising lifestyle characteristics and lower parental education. Breakfast habit can be a potential lifestyle indicator. Education programmes aimed at specific target groups should encourage regular breakfast consumption.