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Background: Nurses´ perceptions of leaders´ leadership styles has a significant impact on their well-being. Effective leadership in health care is crucial for improving and enhancing the effectiveness of health care systems. This study aimed to assess the perceived utilization of leadership styles among nurses at Jimma town public health facilities, Ethiopia. Methods: This facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted with 403 nurses. Data were collected through a self-administered structured questionnaire. Data were entered into Epi-Data version 4.6 and then exported to SPSS version 25. The strength of association was described using unstandardized adjusted ß with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and p-value <0.05. Results: Of the 422 participants, 403 completed and returned the questionnaire correctly, thus achieving a response rate of 95.5%. Staff nurses perceived that their head nurses fairly often or commonly used transformational leadership styles, with a mean of 2.77±0.60. The multivariable linear regression analysis model indicated that there was a positive relationship between perceived leadership style and gender, overall organizational commitment, overall job-related stress, overall innovative work behavior, and overall leadership practice. However, there was a negative relationship between perceived leadership style and nurses who had not received previous training on leadership. Conclusion: This study highlights that transformational leadership is a commonly utilized leadership style by leader nurses. Effective and balanced use of various leadership styles requires knowledge (training), organizational commitment, and innovative work behavior from both leaders and staff nurses. Therefore, a transformational leadership style is key to achieving organizational goals and increasing staff nurses' productivity.

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Introduction: in the last two years, COVID-19 has largely changed the rhythm of human life and overwhelmed the healthcare systems globally. Patients with pre-existing chronic diseases have worse outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: an institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 1-30, 2021. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and data extraction checklist. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select a total of 400 study participants. Data were entered into EPI data version 3.5.3 and exported to Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 23.0 for analysis. Multivariable logistic regression was used and variables with a p-value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: three hundred and ten (77.5%) of the respondents had a poor overall health-related quality of life (HRQOL) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Younger age (AOR=0.10.95% CI: 0.04-0.27), no formal education (AOR=5.03, 95% CI: 1.92-13.22), shorter treatment duration(AOR=0.11, 95% CI: 0.04-0.29), presence of respiratory symptoms (AOR=9.69, 95% CI: 2.93-32.09) and missed health-care appointment during COVID-19 (AOR=3.68, 95%CI: 1.82-7.43) were significantly associated with health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Conclusion: most of the respondents had a poor overall health-related quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic. Consideration of the influence of outbreaks on the continuity of care for a patient and focusing on contributing factors should be an essential concern of the healthcare system. The objective is to assess health-related quality and factors associated with health-related quality of life among patients with chronic diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Background: COVID-19 is a global pandemic with unprecedented medical, economic and social consequences affecting nations across the world. This epidemic arises while chronic diseases are continued to be a public health concern. Though evidence is generated on its impact on the health care system, little is known about the Impact of COVID -19 on the care-seeking behavior of chronic patients. Objective: To assess the Impact of COVID-19 on healthcare-seeking behavior of patients with chronic diseases attending follow-up at public hospitals in Jimma zone, South West Ethiopia. Methods: Facility-based cross-sectional study design was employed. The sample was calculated using the single population proportion formula. Hospitals were selected by using simple random sampling. Then, the final calculated sample size for the study was proportionally allocated to each selected hospital. Data were collected from 400 participants through face-to-face interviews and card reviews. Data were entered into Epi-Data version 3.1 and then exported to SPSS version 23 for analysis. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses with 95% CI for odds ratio (OR) were used to identify significant factors. Results: Of the total respondents 156 (39.0%) of them had poor health-seeking behavior. Contact history with COVID -19 patient (AOR = 2.8; 95% CI = 1.1-7.0), perceived moderate depression (AOR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.2-4.2), perceived extreme depression (AOR = 4.3; 95% CI = 1.8-10.5), shortage of medication (AOR = 2.4; 95% CI = 1.0-6.2) increases the odds of poor health-seeking behavior. In addition, the odds of poor health-seeking in patients with no formal education were higher compared to patients with higher educational status (AOR = 2.7; 95% CI = 1.0-9.0). Conclusion: COVID -19 outbreaks affected the health-seeking behavior of patients with chronic diseases. The impact was found to be more significant among patients who had a contact history with COVID -19 patients. Moreover, perceived depression, shortage of medication, and low educational status were significant predictors of poor health-seeking behavior. Therefore, working on the barriers to the health-seeking behavior of chronic patients may reduce the effect of COVID-19.

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Asthma is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases and is a public health problem worldwide. It is a long-standing condition affecting the respiratory system. Thus this study aimed to assess the severity of asthma in patients at the adult emergency department of Jimma Medical Center (JMC), Southwest Ethiopia. A one year (1 May, 2020, to 1 May, 2021) retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among 189 patients at the adult emergency department of JMC. Data were collected between 25 July, 2021 to 25 August, 2021 by two Bachelor of Science degree holders in nursing (BSC) nurses after providing proper training. We used structured checklist that was obtained from previous studies to collect the data. Finally, data were entered into EpiData version 3.1 then exported to Stata version 15.0 for further analysis. Multinomial analysis was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between risk factors and severity of asthma. Of 195 patients retrieved from the Health management information system (HMIS) logbook and patient profile, 189 fulfilled the eligibility criteria giving a response rate of 96.9%. The mean age of patients was 47.69 (± 19.02) years old ranging from 20 to 85. More than one third of the patients were age range of 20-39 years. Only more than half of the patients were women. Almost 46% of the patients had moderate asthma. Being male, merchant and government employees had lower odds of asthma than their counterparts whereas being daily laborers and smoking contributed to increased odds of moderate asthma. Patients' age and comorbidities had increased odds of severe asthma in relation to the participants of their reference category. Urban residents had decreased odds of severe asthma compared to their rural counterparts. This study highlights that majority of patients had moderate asthma. Health care providers should pay special attention to accurately diagnosing asthma according to its severity which is essential to the optimal management of asthma. This study calls JMC health care providers to give due attention while providing routine care for their patients in accordance to identified factors.

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INTRODUCTION: Over 2 million children die from pneumonia each year accounting for almost one in five children's deaths worldwide which is estimated to be 18% of mortality cases. Therefore, this study is aimed to assess treatment outcome and its determinant factors among under-five patients, Jimma, Ethiopia. METHODS: Study design was conducted on 522 under-five children with severe pneumonia from 1 January 2017 to 30 December 2020. Pretested chart review format was used to collect data. Data were entered into EpiData, version 3.1, and exported to Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 23, for analysis. Logistic regression analysis with 95% confidence interval was used to declare statistical significance at p value <0.05. RESULTS: Among 522 under-five children with severe pneumonia, majority (83.91%) of them were improved, whereas 1 over 6 (16.09%) of them were died. This finding showed that children who have malnutrition (adjusted odds ratio = 7.23 (3.17-14.51), p = 0.000), positive serostatus for HIV (adjusted odds ratio = 5.01 (1.91-12.13), p = 0.001), history of upper respiratory tract infections (adjusted odds ratio = 3.27 (1.55-6.91), p = 0.002), unvaccinated (adjusted odds ratio = 4.35 (1.60-11.79), p = 0.004), having complicated types of pneumonia (adjusted odds ratio = 8.48 (4.22-16.65), p < 0.001), and comorbidity disease (adjusted odds ratio = 5.21 (2.03-13.3), p < 0.001) were statistically significant with mortality. CONCLUSION: This study showed that mortality secondary to severe pneumonia was high. Being malnourished, positive serostatus for HIV infection, history of upper respiratory tract infections, unvaccinated, having complicated type of pneumonia, and other comorbidity disease were identified as determinant factors of mortality. Committed, harmonized, and integrated intervention needs to be taken to reduce mortality from severe pneumonia by enhancing child's nutrition status, early detection and treatment, effectively vaccinating children, and preventing other comorbidity diseases.

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BACKGROUND: Health literacy plays a prominent role in empowering individuals for prevention as well as management of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). However, there is paucity of information on the health literacy of patients with non-communicable diseases in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess communicative health literacy and associated factors in patients with NCDs on follow-up at Jimma Medical Center (JMC), Ethiopia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 4 May 2020 to 4 July 2020 with 408 randomly selected adult patients, attending outpatient department of JMC in Ethiopia. The final sample size was obtained by using single population proportion formula. All patients with NCDs who were on follow-up at chronic illness clinic, JMC, were used as a source population. All eligible patients with NCDs who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included in this study. A simple random sampling technique was used to recruit study participants. Data were collected through structured interviewer administered questionnaires on the six of nine health literacy domains using Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ) containing 30 items, socio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics, disease-related factors, and health information sources. Multivariable logistic regression was executed to determine the associations. RESULT: Descriptive analysis shows more than half of the respondents in four of the six health literacy domains had high communicative health literacy level (CHLL). The proportion of people with high CHLL across each of the domains was as follows: health care provider support (56.1%), social support for health (53.7%), active engagement with a healthcare provider (56.1%), and navigating healthcare system (53.4%). We found educational status was significantly associated with five of six health literacy domains whereas number of sources was associated with four of six health literacy domains. CONCLUSION: The overall findings of the current study indicate that health literacy levels vary according to socio-demographic and disease characteristics of patients. Thus, healthcare professionals should assess patients' health literacy level and tailor information and support to the health literacy skills and personal context of their patients.

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OBJECTIVE: This study assessed functional health literacy and associated factors among adult patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in Ethiopia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 410 respondents from May 1 to July 1, 2020, using a functional health literacy questionnaire consisting of 14 items that covers three conceptually distinct functional health literacy domains: having sufficient information to manage my health, ability to find good health information and understand health information well enough to know what to do. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 23. Data were collected by exit face-to-face interview using an interviewer administered and pre-tested questionnaire. Statistical significance of associated variables had been declared based on the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with its 95% CI and p-value <0.05. RESULTS: Adequate functional health literacy was determined in 55.4% of CVD patients understanding health information whereas inadequate functional health literacy was determined in 53.9% participants for finding health information and in 50.5% of them having sufficient information to manage my health. Educational status was found to have a statistically significant association across the three domains. CONCLUSION: The functional health literacy level of CVD patients varied by domain. Educational status of the participant is significantly associated with the three domains of functional health literacy whereas household monthly income and number of information sources are significantly associated with having sufficient information and the ability to find good health information. The findings indicate the need to streamline medical communication that improves the functional health literacy of CVD patients.