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The acidogenic and cariogenic potential of plain and supplemented human and bovine milk was determined by pH tests and with intra-oral experiments. Human milk produced a lower pH than bovine milk and bovine milk with a 2% lactose supplement. Human milk caused greater softening of enamel than bovine milk in the intra-oral tests. This could be modified by supplementing with calcium and phosphorus to the levels present in bovine milk.

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The concept of intra-oral cariogenicity tests, using naturally accumulated plaque, was pioneered by Koulourides (Koulourides et al., 1974). Tests rely on changes in microhardness of dental enamel after exposure to substrates. We used this model, with significant modifications, to determine the possible caries-protective effect of fluoridated milk. Custom-made cast chrome intra-oral appliances were made to fit the lower arches of volunteers. Four removable, highly polished 3 x 4 mm gauze-covered bovine enamel blocks were slotted into the appliances. These were worn for 48 h so that plaque would build up. The enamel was color-coded with composite (Kerr Kolors, Kerr, Romulus, MI) to ensure error-free removal and immersion extra-orally in the coded test substrates.

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Intra-oral tests of a fruit bar, a muesli bar and jelly beans were performed to establish their cariogenic potential by means of enamel hardness changes. Little difference was found when the fruit finger and muesli bar were compared. Surprisingly, the jelly beans did not produce a greatly increased degree of softening when compared with the fruit fingers. Statistical significance was not reached in either of the experiments carried out.

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In previous experiments, the sucrose substitute Lycasin has been shown to possess low acidogenic potential. Intra-oral cariogenicity tests were carried out in humans to explore the enamel softening effects of Lycasin, using sucrose and saline as controls. The results confirmed that Lycasin would be preferred to sucrose as a sweetener for confections and medicines, although some softening of enamel by Lycasin was evident when compared to the saline controls. The magnitude of this enamel change was small and of doubtful clinical significance.

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In previous telemetric and animal experiments, cheese has been shown to be a food of low acidogenic and cariogenic potential. In vivo intraoral tests were carried out to confirm the low cariogenic potential of this substrate in humans and to explore the enamel-softening effects of toasted breadcrumbs and those of a mixture of breadcrumbs and cheese. The results confirmed the cariostatic nature of cheese and established a considerable enamel-softening effect of toasted breadcrumbs. A mixture of breadcrumbs and cheese failed to show a statistically significant difference to breadcrumbs despite a substantially lower mean value for the breadcrumbs and cheese mixture.

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A study of weight, skinfold thickness and leisure-time activities of a group of Dunedin children aged 11 to 13, conducted in 1976, was repeated in 1984. Both weight and skinfold thickness were materially lower in the 1984 study, the difference being particularly marked in the girls. Both boys and girls spent significantly more time playing sport on Saturday in 1984 than in 1976 and twice as many walked or rode a bicycle to school. The time spent watching television was a little less in 1984; playing videogames is much more common among boys than girls.

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The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that convenience for the physician plays a role in the rate of cesarean section performed because of dystocia. Three time periods were defined (night, 12 midnight to 7:59 AM; day, 8 AM to 5:59 PM; evening, 6 PM to 11:59 PM) based on the work commitments and daily routines of the obstetrician. Rates of cesarean section for dystocia were determined for each of the three time periods. An evening peak in the cesarean section rate is partially but not entirely explained by an evening increase in the proportion of patients in prolonged labor. When patients were stratified according to labor duration (less than 12, 12 to 15, and greater than 16 hours), a persistent evening excess in the rate of cesarean section for dystocia was observed for patients whose labor duration was less than 16 hours. Although this is interpreted as being consistent with the hypothesis of physician convenience, the magnitude of this effect on the overall rate of cesarean section for dystocia is small.

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A case of acquired phonological dyslexia is described (P.M.). The patient was encouraged to read nonwords by analogy with real words, i.e., by changing phonemes in real words to produce pronounceable nonwords. P.M. was able to perform this task suggesting that he retained some ability to use grapheme-phoneme conversion rules. On the basis of P.M.'s performance an additional connection in Morton's logogen model is postulated.

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To provide an objective evaluation of published studies on the effect of early contact on subsequent maternal-infant behavior, a set of 11 methodologic standards generally applicable to controlled clinical trials of perinatal care was developed. Sixteen reports of early contact trials were assessed and seven of the 11 standards were found to be satisfactorily fulfilled. The four "problem" standards were: adequate definition of subjects, randomization, subject bias, and treatment contamination (care giver) bias. Of the five best trials fulfilling eight or more of the standards, three reported a beneficial effect of early contact, while two demonstrated no effect. The evidence that early contact improves subsequent maternal-infant behavior thus remains inconclusive. It is urged that for future research in this domain more attention be given to adequate subject definition, strict randomization procedures, and safeguards against bias by the subjects or their care givers.

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The use of the British Ability Scales with children having specific reading difficulties is described. Eighty-three children aged eight to 16 years were given a number of subtests from the British Ability Scales, and their performance on each subtest compared to every other subtest. The children were also divided into three age groups and developmental differences observed. Based on T scores the children scored significantly less well on Speed of Information Processing, Immediate and Delayed Visual Recall, Recall of Digits, Basic Arithmetic and Word Reading across all the age ranges, when compared to the other abilities. In general subtests involving Speed of Precessing and Short Term Memory were poor, whereas tasks involving Reasoning, Spatial Imagery and aspects of the Use of the Retrieval of Knowledge were found to be average or above average. Expected reading ages for the children based on other abilities were calculated, and it was found that the children's reading abilities were well below the expected level. Various forms of intelligence quotient were also computed and it is suggested that the four abilities recommended for use in computing an IQ in the current BAS Manual are inappropriate for the dyslexic child. The children were also divided into auditory-linguistic and visuo-spatial 'subtypes' of dyslexia, and significant differences were found between the groups on Speed of Information Processing, Recall of Digits, and Block Design Level and Power. The data are related to previous work in the area of developmental dyslexia.

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A former double-blind study evaluated the effect of a 14-day period of systemic and topical folate supplementation on gingival inflammation during pregnancy (Pack & Thomson 1980). The current experiment was similar to the earlier one except that supplementation was for 28 days during the eighth month only. Thirty women during their 32nd week of pregnancy were randomly divided into three equal groups. Control Group A received placebo mouthwash (MW) and placebo tablets; Group B received placebo MW and one 5 mg folate tablet daily; Group C received placebo tablets and rinsed with folate MW twice daily for 1 min. At the beginning and end of the experimental period, oral status was determined using a plaque index (PlI) and a gingival index (GI). Each subject furnished a 1-week diet record which was analysed for dietary folate. No differences in parameters existed between groups at the commencement of the study except for folate levels which were lower in Group B. Results confirmed the findings of the former experiment. Group C showed highly significant improvement in GI despite no significant changes in PlI (0.001 less than P less than 0.01), whilst in Group B, changes in gingival health were not statistically significant (0.05 less than P less than 0.10). No significant changes were demonstrated in Group A. Folate levels increased significantly in Groups B and C. Dietary folate was similar in all groups.

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Over half the women studied at this centre who attempted breast-feeding had switched to bottle-feeding by six weeks postpartum. More educated or wealthy women fared no better than their less favored counterparts. Only those who had been breast-fed by their mothers were more likely to continue. Poor information and a disapproval of breast-feeding were reported by the breast-feeding women. Self-help groups should be promoted to give the support and information needed for mothers to continue breast-feeding.

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A double-blind study evaluated the effects of systemic and topical folate on gingival inflammation during the fourth and eighth months of pregnancy. Thirty women were randomly divided into three groups. Group A received placebo mouthwash and tablets; Group B; placebo mouthwash and 5 mg folate tablets; Group C: folate mouthwash and placebo tablets. Supplementation lasted for 14 days during months 4 and 8. Subjects took one tablet daily and rinsed twice daily for 1 min with the mouthwash. At the start and finish of each 14-day period, fasting serum and red cell folate levels were estimated and oral status assessed by a plaque index (P1I), a gingival index (GI), and gingival exudate flow meter (GEF). Subjects completed 1-week diet sheets which were analysed for dietary folate. All groups were similar in each parameter at the start. Correlation was demonstrated between GI and P1I, and between GI and GEF. GI tended to increase throughout pregnancy in all groups except Group C, when in the eighth month there was a highly significant improvement (0.001 less than P 0.01) despite no significant change in P1I. Although dietary intake of folate was significantly higher during the eighth month in Group C as compared with Groups A and B, (0.001 less than P less than 0.01), the folate mouthwash produced highly significantly improvement in gingival health in pregnancy.

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We tabulated and compared the stated compositions of four milk-substitute products, now in wide use for the treatment of various inborn errors of amino acid metabolism, and the known composition of human milk. Variations between the treatment products is great not only in the content of amino acids but also in minerals and vitamins, for example. Different source materials and rationales for their manufacture appear to explain these differences. All four products deviate in many ways from the composition of human milk. Although the existing treatment products are quite effective clinically, we propose that a more rational approach to the feeding of young infants whose nutrition is compromised by inborn errors of metabolism would begin with a synthetic product based on the composition of human milk that could be modified specifically to fit the needs and tolerance of the individual patient.

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