RESUMEN
Estimating the case fatality ratio (CFR) for COVID-19 is an important aspect of public health. However, calculating CFR accurately is problematic early in a novel disease outbreak, due to uncertainties regarding the time course of disease and difficulties in diagnosis and reporting of cases. In this work, we present a simple method for calculating the CFR using only public case and death data over time by exploiting the correspondence between the time distributions of cases and deaths. The time-shifted distribution (TSD) analysis generates two parameters of interest: the delay time between reporting of cases and deaths and the CFR. These parameters converge reliably over time once the exponential growth phase has finished. Analysis is performed for early COVID-19 outbreaks in many countries, and we discuss corrections to CFR values using excess-death and seroprevalence data to estimate the infection fatality ratio (IFR). While CFR values range from 0.2% to 20% in different countries, estimates for IFR are mostly around 0.5-0.8% for countries that experienced moderate outbreaks and 1-3% for severe outbreaks. The simplicity and transparency of TSD analysis enhance its usefulness in characterizing a new disease as well as the state of the health and reporting systems.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19/mortalidad , Brotes de Enfermedades/estadística & datos numéricos , Salud Pública/métodos , SARS-CoV-2/fisiología , Humanos , MortalidadRESUMEN
AIM AND OBJECTIVES: The aim and the objectives were. (1) to assess the efficacy of a desensitizing toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine-calcium carbonate (Colgate® Sensitive Pro-Relief™), (2) to assess the efficacy of a desensitizing toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine-calcium carbonate (Colgate® Sensitive Pro-Relief™) used in combination with iontophoresis, and (3) to compare the effectiveness of the above methods. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Two groups of 40 patients each having dentinal hypersensitivity were treated using 8% proarginine and iontophoresis. The patients were recalled after 1, 2, and 4 weeks. The scores were tabulated and the results were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. RESULTS: Visual analog scale between the two groups showed a significant difference from the 1st week till the 4th week. ANOVA values showed the reduction in the dentinal hypersensitivity in Group 2 using the iontophoresis along with the 8.0% arginine-calcium carbonate toothpaste. The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel correlation test of the Schiff's dentinal hypersensitivity cross-tabulation showed P < 0.001 which was statistically significant reduction after the 4th week following the application of 8.0% arginine-calcium carbonate along with iontophoresis. CONCLUSION: Iontophoresis, when used along with Colgate® Sensitive Pro-Relief™ toothpaste, can provide additional benefit as this provides a better sealing effect.
Asunto(s)
Arginina/uso terapéutico , Carbonato de Calcio/uso terapéutico , Desensibilizantes Dentinarios/uso terapéutico , Sensibilidad de la Dentina/tratamiento farmacológico , Iontoforesis , Fluoruro de Sodio/uso terapéutico , Pastas de Dientes/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Anciano , Arginina/administración & dosificación , Combinación de Medicamentos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Método Simple Ciego , Fluoruro de Sodio/administración & dosificación , Cepillado Dental , Pastas de Dientes/química , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Humoral immunity develops in the spleen during blood-stage Plasmodium infection. This elicits parasite-specific IgM and IgG, which control parasites and protect against malaria. Studies in mice have elucidated cells and molecules driving humoral immunity to Plasmodium, including CD4+ T cells, B cells, interleukin (IL)-21 and ICOS. IL-6, a cytokine readily detected in Plasmodium-infected mice and humans, is recognized in other systems as a driver of humoral immunity. Here, we examined the effect of infection-induced IL-6 on humoral immunity to Plasmodium. Using P. chabaudi chabaudi AS (PcAS) infection of wild-type and IL-6-/- mice, we found that IL-6 helped to control parasites during primary infection. IL-6 promoted early production of parasite-specific IgM but not IgG. Notably, splenic CD138+ plasmablast development was more dependent on IL-6 than germinal centre (GC) B-cell differentiation. IL-6 also promoted ICOS expression by CD4+ T cells, as well as their localization close to splenic B cells, but was not required for early Tfh-cell development. Finally, IL-6 promoted parasite control, IgM and IgG production, GC B-cell development and ICOS expression by Tfh cells in a second model, Py17XNL infection. IL-6 promotes CD4+ T-cell activation and B-cell responses during blood-stage Plasmodium infection, which encourages parasite-specific antibody production.
Asunto(s)
Linfocitos B/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Interleucina-6/inmunología , Activación de Linfocitos/inmunología , Malaria/inmunología , Plasmodium chabaudi/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/inmunología , Citocinas/metabolismo , Femenino , Inmunidad Humoral/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina M/inmunología , Proteína Coestimuladora de Linfocitos T Inducibles/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/genética , Interleucinas/inmunología , Malaria/parasitología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Bazo/inmunología , Sindecano-1/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Green tea is known to possess anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant activities. This study evaluated the effect of a locally prepared green tea dentifrice on specific parameters assessing gingival inflammation and severity of periodontal disease, when used as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the management of chronic periodontitis by comparing with a fluoride-triclosan-containing control dentifrice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty patients, with mild to moderate chronic periodontitis, were randomly allocated into two treatment groups, 'test' and 'control' after initial SRP. The test group was given green tea dentifrice with instructions on method of brushing, while the control group received a commercially available fluoride and triclosan containing dentifrice. Clinical parameters of Gingival Index (GI), Plaque Index (PI), percentage of sites with bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) along with biochemical parameters of total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were recorded at baseline line and 4 weeks post-SRP. RESULTS: Intragroup analysis at 4 weeks showed statistically significant improvements of GI, PI, BOP, PD, CAL and TAOC in both groups. GST activity however, was increased only in the test group. At the end of the study period, the test group showed statistically significant improvements in GI, BOP, CAL, TAOC and GST levels compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: On comparison with fluoride-triclosan dentifrice, green tea showed greater reduction of gingival inflammation and improved periodontal parameters. Green tea dentifrice may serve as a beneficial adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy.
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Periodontitis Crónica/tratamiento farmacológico , Dentífricos/uso terapéutico , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Té/química , Adolescente , Adulto , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Terapia Combinada , Índice de Placa Dental , Raspado Dental , Dentífricos/farmacología , Combinación de Medicamentos , Femenino , Fluoruros/uso terapéutico , Líquido del Surco Gingival/enzimología , Líquido del Surco Gingival/metabolismo , Glutatión Transferasa/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pérdida de la Inserción Periodontal/tratamiento farmacológico , Índice Periodontal , Bolsa Periodontal/tratamiento farmacológico , Proyectos Piloto , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Aplanamiento de la Raíz , Pastas de Dientes/química , Triclosán/uso terapéutico , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to investigate the observation of daptomycin resistance in Corynebacterium striatum, both in vivo and in vitro. We describe a case of C. striatum bacteremia in a patient with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD); the initial isolate recovered was daptomycin susceptible with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.125 µg/ml. Two months later, and after daptomycin therapy, the individual became bacteremic with an isolate of C. striatum with a daptomycin MIC of >256 µg/ml. To study the prevalence of daptomycin resistance in C. striatum, clinical isolates of C. striatum were grown in broth culture containing daptomycin to investigate the emergence of resistance to this antimicrobial. Molecular typing was used to evaluate serial isolates from the index patient and the clinical isolates of C. striatum we assayed. In vitro analysis of isolates from the index patient and 7 of 11 additional C. striatum isolates exhibited the emergence of high-level daptomycin resistance, despite initially demonstrating low MICs to this antimicrobial agent. This phenotype was persistent even after serial subculture in the absence of daptomycin. Together, these data demonstrate that caution should be taken when using daptomycin to treat high-inoculum infections and/or infections of indwelling medical devices with C. striatum. To our knowledge, this is the first report characterizing the emergence of daptomycin resistance in C. striatum.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Infecciones por Corynebacterium/microbiología , Corynebacterium/efectos de los fármacos , Daptomicina/farmacología , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Bacteriemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Bacteriemia/microbiología , Corynebacterium/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Corynebacterium/tratamiento farmacológico , Daptomicina/uso terapéutico , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Corazón Auxiliar , Humanos , Masculino , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Persona de Mediana Edad , Isquemia Miocárdica/cirugíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Periodontal medicine defines a rapidly emerging branch of Periodontology focusing on establishing a strong relationship between periodontal health and systemic health. It is speculated that the major common dysregulation which links Periodontitis with Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is being played by the mediators of immune inflammatory response. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether there is any relationship between periodontal disease and Rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: A total of 100 patients were included for the present study which was divided into two groups: one group (cases) included 50 patients attending the Department of Orthopedics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal who were diagnosed of Rheumatoid arthritis. Another subject population included 50 patients as controls attending the Department of Oral Medicine, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal with age and gender matched with those of rheumatoid arthritis group. Specific measures for periodontitis included plaque index, gingival index, number of missing teeth, and radiographic alveolar bone loss scores. Measures of rheumatoid arthritis included health assessment questionaires, levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Various periodontal parameters were compared between the cases and controls. RESULTS: The average alveolar bone loss was statistically more severe in Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) group than in the controls although there were similar plaque index in both the groups. The gingival index was statistically higher in the RA group. The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and C- Reactive Protein (CRP) levels of RA patients were also significantly associated with the severity of periodontal disease. CONCLUSION: There was a significant association between Rheumatoid arthritis and Periodontitis which may be due to a common underlying deregulation of the inflammatory response in these individuals.
Asunto(s)
Artritis Reumatoide/complicaciones , Proteína C-Reactiva/metabolismo , Periodontitis/etiología , Adulto , Anciano , Artritis Reumatoide/sangre , Artritis Reumatoide/diagnóstico , Sedimentación Sanguínea , Índice de Placa Dental , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Índice Periodontal , Periodontitis/sangre , Periodontitis/diagnóstico , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Between 1961 and 1967 a cohort of over 5000 women volunteered for a prospective study to determine the relationship between the urinary androgen metabolites, androsterone (A) and aetiocholanolone (E), and risk of breast cancer. During the first 10 years of the study the concentration of urinary A and E was determined in 1887 of the urine specimens. In 1971 we reported that subnormal amounts of urinary A and E were associated with a significantly increased risk of breast cancer. The cohort has been followed regularly during the 37 years since inception of the study and, by May 1998, 248 women had been diagnosed with breast cancer. Urinary androgen metabolites had been measured in 116 of these cases. Analysis of these data confirmed that women diagnosed in the first decade of the study were more likely to have low levels of urinary androgen metabolites. In the following decades, however, those who developed breast cancer were more likely to have manifested an increased A and E excretion. The reversal in the relationship between androgen metabolite excretion and risk suggests that age, or probably more importantly, menopausal status at diagnosis is an important modifying factor. Dichotomizing at age 50 it was found that in the younger age group (predominantly premenopausal) the rate ratios in the lowest tertile of A or E excretion were two- to threefold greater than for those in the highest tertile (chi2(1) = 3.57; P = 0.06: chi2(1) = 4.70; P = 0.03 for A and E respectively). In contrast, in the older age group comprising predominantly post-menopausal women, the rate ratios associated with the lowest tertile of A or E were half that of those in the highest tertile (chi2(1) = 4.10; P = 0.04; chi2(1) = 8.72; P = 0.003 for A and E respectively). This suggests that there may be different endocrine promotional factors for pre-and post-menopausal breast cancer. Hormonal risk factors may vary during the lifetime of an individual woman and this may have profound consequences for prevention strategies.
Asunto(s)
Andrógenos/orina , Neoplasias de la Mama/orina , Factores de Edad , Neoplasias de la Mama/epidemiología , Estudios de Cohortes , Factores de Confusión Epidemiológicos , Femenino , Humanos , Menopausia , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Reino Unido/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Nodulisporic acid (NA) is an indole diterpene fungal product with insecticidal activity. NA activates a glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) in grasshopper neurons and potentiates channel opening by glutamate. The endectocide ivermectin (IVM) induces a similar, but larger current than NA. Using Drosophila melanogaster head membranes, a high affinity binding site for NA was identified. Equilibrium binding studies show that an amide analogue, N-(2-hydroxyethyl-2,2-(3)H)nodulisporamide ([(3)H]NAmide), binds to a single population of sites in head membranes with a K(D) of 12 pM and a B(max) of 1.4 pmol/mg of protein. A similar K(D) is determined from the kinetics of ligand binding and dissociation. Four lines of evidence indicate that the binding site is a GluCl. First, NA potentiates opening of a glutamate-gated chloride current in grasshopper neurons. Second, glutamate inhibits the binding of [(3)H]NAmide by increasing the rate of dissociation 3-fold. Third, IVM potently inhibits the binding of [(3)H]NAmide and IVM binds to GluCls. Finally, the binding of [(3)H]IVM is inhibited by NA. The B(max) of [(3)H]IVM is twice that of [(3)H]NAmide, and about half of the [(3)H]IVM binding sites are inhibited by NA with high affinity (K(I) = 25 pM). In contrast, [(3)H]IVM binding to Caenorhabditis elegans membranes is not inhibited by NA at 100 nM, and there are no high affinity binding sites for NA on these membranes. Thus, half of the Drosophila IVM receptors and all of the NA receptors are associated with GluCl. NA distinguishes between nematode and insect GluCls and identifies subpopulations of IVM binding sites.
Asunto(s)
Canales de Cloruro/metabolismo , Indoles/farmacología , Insecticidas/farmacología , Activación del Canal Iónico/efectos de los fármacos , Amidas/síntesis química , Amidas/farmacología , Animales , Sitios de Unión , Unión Competitiva , Caenorhabditis elegans , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Drosophila melanogaster/metabolismo , Electrofisiología , Saltamontes , Ivermectina/farmacología , Cinética , Estructura Molecular , Neuronas Motoras/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas Motoras/metabolismo , Unión ProteicaRESUMEN
This study compared the root surface characteristics produced by Minocycline HCl, Citric acid and Tetracycline HCl. when used as a root conditioner. This study included 5 groups of 10 extracted teeth each with advanced periodontal disease. Diseased root surfaces of group B,C,D and E were planed with Gracy curets and solutions of Citric acid, Tetracycline HCl, Monocycline Hcl and Tween 80 of PH 2.5, were applied to the surface in respective groups with cotton pellets for 5 mts. Group A was not subjected to root planning or application of any root conditioner and was used as a control. The teeth in all five groups were then washed, sectioned processed and examined under scanning electron microscope. These results revealed that the surfaces of acid treated sites differed from each other and with specimens treated sites differed from each other and with specimens treated with root panning alone. The efficacy of Minocycline and tetracycline in the removal of smear layer and exposure of dentinal tubules were comparable and Minocycline HCl though not as effective as Citric acid can probably be recommended in view of its antibactrial activity, anti collagense and substantivity properties.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Minociclina/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades Periodontales/tratamiento farmacológico , Raíz del Diente/efectos de los fármacos , Grabado Ácido Dental , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Hidrolasas de Éster Carboxílico/farmacología , Hidrolasas de Éster Carboxílico/uso terapéutico , Ácido Cítrico/farmacología , Ácido Cítrico/uso terapéutico , Dentina/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Minociclina/farmacología , Capa de Barro Dentinario , Tetraciclina/farmacología , Tetraciclina/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
A path analysis was performed to examine the usefulness of multiple pathway risk factors in explaining and predicting youthful alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) misuse and its adverse consequences. The risk factors alienation, trait anger, interaction anxiety, and cognitive motivation for drinking were used as exogenous variables with earliness of onset, ATOD use, and adverse consequences of ATOD use serving as endogenous variables. Firm support emerged for both direct and indirect effects of the risk factors on both use and adverse consequences of use.
Asunto(s)
Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/efectos adversos , Drogas Ilícitas/efectos adversos , Psicotrópicos/efectos adversos , Fumar/efectos adversos , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/complicaciones , Logro , Adolescente , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/psicología , Ira , Femenino , Humanos , Relaciones Interpersonales , Masculino , Motivación , Factores de Riesgo , Fumar/psicología , Alienación Social , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/psicologíaRESUMEN
Gender differences in the ways a risk factor approach explains onset of using alcohol, tobacco and other drugs (ATOD), reported use of ATOD and adverse consequences from ATOD use were investigated by means of separate path analyses for male and female adolescents. A fully recursive model was specified in which alienation, trait anger, interaction anxiety and cognitive motivation for ATOD use comprised the first column variables which were used to predict earliness of onset. For the second step, column one variables plus onset were used to predict ATOD use. In the final step, column one variables plus onset and ATOD use were used to predict adverse consequences of ATOD use. An ex post facto design was used in surveying 796 high school students in a single Midwestern community. The data from this sample supported the predictive validity of the theoretical model. In addition to the expected indirect or mediated effects of the risk factors via onset of ATOD use on ATOD use and via onset and ATOD use on adverse consequences of ATOD use, there were direct effects of column on risk factors on both ATOD use and on adverse consequences of ATOD use for both males and females, lending support to the concept of multiple pathway risk factors. The three gender differences that emerged in the separate path analyses were entirely consistent with the gendered deviance model.
Asunto(s)
Etanol , Nicotiana , Plantas Tóxicas , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/diagnóstico , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/psicología , Adolescente , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Factores Sexuales , Aislamiento SocialRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate gender differences in adolescents' alcohol use, adverse consequences of alcohol and other drug (AOD) use and the effectiveness of selected risk factors in mediating gender differences. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey design was adopted. Data were collected from a sample of high school students (n=919) in one midwestern community. Four criteria for examining potential mediated relationships were addressed. RESULTS: Expected differences in relation to males' higher levels of frequent and heavy drinking, adverse consequences of AOD use and risk factors were found. All risk factors were significantly related to adverse consequences, but alienation was not related to drinking behavior. In a one-way ANOVA, the main effects of gender were significant for both drinking behavior and adverse consequences of AOD use. In a two-way ANOVA, the main effects of a risk factor index reduced the main effects of gender substantially. CONCLUSIONS: Controlling risk factor levels mediates gender differences in the outcomes, drinking behavior and adverse consequences of AOD use.
Asunto(s)
Conducta del Adolescente , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/efectos adversos , Adolescente , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/epidemiología , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/prevención & control , Análisis de Varianza , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Medio Oeste de Estados Unidos , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Sexuales , Ajuste Social , Conducta Social , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of selected risk factors in predicting alcohol and other drug (AOD) use and adverse consequences of use. Three regression analyses were performed on four categories of risk factors: individual, family related, school related, and social related. The sample size was 887 (99%). Significant predictors for AOD use were grade level, participation in religious services, GPA, frequency of dating and driving, trouble at school, mastery, and family management index. Predictors for adverse consequences were GPA, frequency of dating, trouble at school, family management index, risk taking, alienation, susceptibility to peer pressure, and living arrangements.
Asunto(s)
Alcoholismo/psicología , Drogas Ilícitas , Psicotrópicos , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/psicología , Adolescente , Alcoholismo/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Interpretación Estadística de Datos , Femenino , Humanos , Drogas Ilícitas/efectos adversos , Incidencia , Masculino , Psicotrópicos/efectos adversos , Análisis de Regresión , Factores de Riesgo , Medio Social , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
A description of 1074 high school students' alcohol and other drug (AOD) use along with the consequences of such use was supplemented with comparisons of grade level and gender differences and analyses of the relationships between AOD use and incidence of adverse consequences with grade point average, attendance at religious services, frequency of dating, frequency of driving a car and frequency of having trouble at school. Alcohol was clearly the drug of choice and produced a variety of adverse consequences. Most frequently reported were arguments, trouble with parents and at school and nausea or vomiting. Grade level differences were found, but few significant gender differences emerged. Significant relationships between AOD use and consequences with all other independent variables were found.
Asunto(s)
Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/efectos adversos , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/complicaciones , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Adolescente , Escolaridad , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , Medio Oeste de Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Factores Socioeconómicos , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Sex steroids and dietary fat intake have been implicated in the growth of breast tumours. We have previously shown that the plasma free oestradiol fraction is increased in women with breast cancer and that the addition of free fatty acids (FFA) to plasma can increase the free oestradiol fraction in vitro. In the present study we have examined the distribution of oestradiol and testosterone in serum obtained from European women (EW) and Asian (Gujarati) women (GW) living in north-west London. Fat intake by these women is similar but GW, who are vegetarians, consume a greater proportion of unsaturated fats. In serum from perimenopausal GW, the free testosterone concentration was significantly higher than for EW (11.1 +/- 3.6 pmol/l vs 8.7 +/- 3.4 pmol/l, p < 0.05). Although a significant correlation was found between the free testosterone and FFA concentrations for GW (r = 0.49, p < 0.05), concentrations of sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were significantly lower in GW than EW. The finding of lower SHBG concentration in GW was confirmed in a second study in postmenopausal women (EW, 60.1 +/- 34.1 nmol/l; GW, 37.8 +/- 20.5 nmol/l, p < 0.05). However, no difference in the free oestradiol fraction or concentration was detected for EW and GW and no correlations with total or individual FFA were found. It is concluded from this study that while dietary fats may have an important role in the development of breast tumours, it is unlikely to be mediated by FFA inhibiting the binding of sex steroids to plasma proteins.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/etiología , Grasas de la Dieta/farmacología , Estradiol/sangre , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados/fisiología , Globulina de Unión a Hormona Sexual/análisis , Testosterona/sangre , Adulto , Aromatasa/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Mama/mortalidad , Dieta Vegetariana , Grasas de la Dieta/efectos adversos , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades/etnología , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Europa (Continente)/etnología , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados/sangre , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados/farmacología , Femenino , Humanos , India/epidemiología , India/etnología , Londres , Masculino , Menopausia , Persona de Mediana Edad , Modelos Biológicos , Especificidad de Órganos , Globulina de Unión a Hormona Sexual/metabolismo , Células Tumorales CultivadasRESUMEN
From a baseline survey of high school students in two school systems, information was obtained to describe patterns of alcohol and other drug (AOD) use and adverse consequences of use, compare indices of AOD use and consequences for grade level and gender differences, and examine relationships of indices to selected individual, family-related, and social competence/adjustment-related risk factors. Though use of illicit drugs was reported at low levels, prevalence of drinking and incidence of binge drinking were relatively high. Increases in AOD use and adverse consequences with age and grade level were found, but gender differences were not found. Relationships of AOD use and adverse consequences to selected individual, family, and social risk factors were consistent with a substantial body of prior work but exceptions were found. Strongest correlations to both indices were found for risk taking, sense of mastery, family management/cohesion, peer pressure, and social/school adjustment.
Asunto(s)
Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Adolescente , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/efectos adversos , Familia , Femenino , Humanos , Iowa/epidemiología , Masculino , Factores de Riesgo , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
At the University of Iowa, nursing students are introduced to computer technology as one unit in a course designed to explore nursing as a profession. A single group, pretest/posttest design was used to evaluate changes in attitudes associated with the course work. Relationships of attitudes scores and eight background variables were studied. Posttest attitudes scores were significantly higher than pretest scores. The attitudes scores were positively related to skills scores at a statistically significant level of .05, with no significant relationship between attitudes scores and knowledge base scores. Four of the eight background factors were related to the attitudes scores at a statistically significant level of .05.
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Actitud hacia los Computadores , Capacitación de Usuario de Computador/normas , Bachillerato en Enfermería/normas , Estudiantes de Enfermería/psicología , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Iowa , Masculino , Investigación en Educación de EnfermeríaRESUMEN
Epidemiological evidence has suggested that cigarette smoking has an anti-oestrogenic effect in women, but the effects of smoking on steroid hormone metabolism are not fully understood. We compared serum concentrations of oestradiol, progesterone (luteal phase) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S), and urinary excretion rates of six steroids of predominantly adrenal origin, in healthy premenopausal and postmenopausal female smokers and non-smokers. Serum concentrations of oestradiol, progesterone and DHEA-S did not differ between smokers and non-smokers by greater than 5%, and none of these differences was statistically significant. Mean urinary excretion rates of androsterone, aetiocholanolone, DHEA, 11-keto-aetiocholanolone, 11-hydroxyandrosterone and 11-hydroxyaetiocholanolone were very similar in smokers and non-smokers in premenopausal women, but were from 2-44% higher in smokers than non-smokers in postmenopausal women. The difference was statistically significant only for 11-hydroxyandrosterone. These results confirm previous reports that cigarette smoking does not affect serum oestradiol in premenopausal or postmenopausal women, but provide only weak evidence to support previous findings of increased levels of some adrenal steroids in postmenopausal women smokers. The mechanism for the apparent anti-oestrogenic effect of cigarette smoking remains unclear.
Asunto(s)
Deshidroepiandrosterona/análogos & derivados , Estradiol/sangre , Progesterona/sangre , Fumar/sangre , Esteroides/orina , Adulto , Andrógenos/orina , Deshidroepiandrosterona/sangre , Deshidroepiandrosterona/orina , Sulfato de Deshidroepiandrosterona , Estradiol/orina , Femenino , Humanos , Menopausia , Ciclo Menstrual , Persona de Mediana Edad , Progesterona/orina , Valores de Referencia , Fumar/orinaRESUMEN
A series of six computer-assisted instruction (CAI) programs were developed for primary prevention of substance abuse. The target population, objectives, content, and strategies for the programs were determined from three sources: a literature review of prevention research, theories of learning, and principles of instructional design regarding use of computer technology. Because the focus of the programs is on helping children make responsible choices, the central theme of the programs is on improving decision making.