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BACKGROUND: The value of simulation in emergency medicine is indisputable because it allows training and acquisition of many technical and non-technical skills (TS and NTS). In France, there are no curriculum regarding the use of simulation as a teaching tool during emergency medicine residency. The aim of this study was to design the content of a national simulation-based curriculum for emergency medicine residency programs. METHODS: The Delphi method was conducted between March and June 2022. The questionnaire was divided into three sections: TS, NTS and clinical situations as starting points (SSPs). A panel of emergency physicians' experts on simulation education was established. An online survey was conducted in which they were asked to score, on a four-point Likert scale, the suitability of skills and SSPs to be taught through simulation courses during the emergency medicine residency. The questionnaire was revised between each round following comments or suggestions for additional items from the experts. RESULTS: Sixty-six experts completed the Delphi process. The initial questionnaire included 64 TS, 37 NTS and 103 SSPs. The experts' comments led to the addition of 12 TS, 24 NTS and 6 SSPs. Consensus was obtained after three rounds. The experts selected 24 TS and 20 NTS to be taught as a priority through simulation during the emergency medicine residency, and 15 SSPs to be used in priority. CONCLUSION: With a Delphi method, French experts in simulation-based emergency medicine education have selected 24 technical and 20 non-technical skills to be taught as a priority with simulation-based training to emergency medicine residents.

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STUDY OBJECTIVE: Early prognostic stratification could optimize the management of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding and reduce unnecessary hospitalizations. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the performance of existing prognostic scores in predicting therapeutic intervention and death. METHODS: A systematic search of the literature identified existing prognostic scores. A multicenter retrospective cohort study included adult patients hospitalized for upper gastrointestinal bleeding from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2020. The primary outcome was a composite including therapeutic intervention within 7 days (blood transfusion, endoscopic, surgical, or interventional radiology hemostasis) and/or 30-day death. Discrimination performance was estimated by the area under the curve (AUC). The ability to identify low-risk patients was analyzed using sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) for defined thresholds. RESULTS: The systematic search identified 39 prognostic scores, 12 of which could be analyzed. Among the 990 patients included, therapeutic intervention and/or death occurred in 755 (76.4%) patients. Scores with the highest discriminative performance to predict the primary composite outcome were Glasgow-Blatchford score (GBS) (AUC 0.869 [0.842 to 0.895]), modified GBS (AUC 0.872 [0.847 to 0.898]) and modified GBS 2 (AUC 0.855 [0.827 to 0.884]). The best performance to identify low-risk patients was for GBS≤1 (sensitivity 0.99 [0.99 to 1.00], NPV 0.89 [0.75 to 0.97]) and modified GBS=0 (sensitivity 0.99 [0.98 to 1.00], NPV 0.84 [0.71 to 0.94]). CONCLUSIONS: The GBS and the modified GBS are the 2 best performing scores because they achieve both key objectives: stratifying patients based on their risk of therapeutic intervention and/or death and identifying low-risk patients who may qualify for outpatient management.

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The placement of peripheral venous catheters (PVC) is a frequent procedure in the emergency department (ED), which exposes patients to complications (hematoma, fluid leakage, phlebitis, edema, infection), increases hemolysis of blood samples, is time-consuming and costly. The main aim of this study is to analyze the rate of PVC nonuse in the ED and to identify predictive factors of their nonuse. This prospective single-center observational study was conducted in the ED of the Saint-Antoine Hospital in Paris, France between February and March 2022. Adult patients receiving a PVC were included. In addition to demographic and medical data, the reason for PVC prescription and the prescribing physician's expectation of PVC use were collected. A total of 304 patients were included, with a median age of 61.5 years (IQR: 43-79 years), of whom 152 (50%) were men. PVC were primarily prescribed for intravenous medication administration. Seventy-two (23.7%) PVC were not used. In multivariable analysis, the predictive factors of nonuse were the prescribing physician's expectation of nonuse [OR 6.35, CI 95% (2.64-15.29), for "no" and "not sure" vs. "yes" responses] and the reason for prescribing "just in case" [OR 3.54, CI 95% (1.37-9.17)]. PVC were not used in 23.7% of cases. Predictors of nonuse were the prescribing physician's expectation of nonuse and the reason for prescribing "just in case". A PVC should probably not be prescribed if the prescribing physician thinks it will not be used or prescribes it "just in case".

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BACKGROUND: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is a medical emergency with an approximate mortality of 10%, which results in a high hospitalisation rate. The Glasgow-Blatchford score (GBS) is recommended to identify low-risk patients who can be discharged from the emergency department (ED). A modified GBS (mGBS) and CANUKA score have recently been proposed but have not been well studied. The aim of this study was to assess whether the use of GBS, mGBS or CANUKA score could identify patients at low risk of death or need for intervention. METHODS: A single-centre retrospective study was performed including patients with suspected UGIB visiting the ED of Saint-Antoine hospital (Paris, France) from January 2016 to December 2018. Demographic and medical data needed to calculate GBS and CANUKA were collected, as well as outcomes data. Need for intervention was defined as the need for blood transfusion, endoscopic haemostasis or rebleeding within 7 days. In-hospital mortality was also collected. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values were measured for the score thresholds of interest. RESULTS: A total of 386 patients were included. Median age was 60 years (38-78), 65.3% (n=252) were male and 60% (n=233) were hospitalised. A GBS≤1, mGBS=0 and CANUKA≤2 categorised 24.9%, 18.2% and 18.9% of patients as low risk, respectively. There was a need for intervention in 2.2%, 4.6% and 0% of those patients categorised as low risk by GBS, mGBS and CANUKA, respectively. No deaths occurred in the patients identified as low risk, regardless of the score used. All scores had a high sensitivity and negative predictive value. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with UGIB, the use of a GBS≤1 or CANUKA score ≤2 appears to be safe for identifying patients at low risk of death or need for intervention.

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Patients with COVID-19 may be asymptomatic or present with extrarespiratory symptoms, such as liver injury. It has been reported that 22.5%-46.2% of patients have moderate elevation of liver enzymes. To our knowledge, acute hepatitis has never been described as an isolated symptom of COVID-19 in a previously healthy patient. We report the case of a 53-year-old patient with COVID-19 whose first clinical presentation was acute icteric hepatitis, several days before the development of others symptoms. During the pandemic, we suggest that patients with acute hepatitis be considered as COVID-19 suspects, tested and isolated.

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Symptomatic hiatal hernia (HH) is most often revealed by gastroesophageal reflux disease, but there are atypical presentations some of which are life-threatening. We report the case of a 57-year-old woman brought to the emergency department with isolated shortness of breath for 24 h. Initial explorations revealed unexplained hyperlactatemia (6.4 mmol/L) without clinical or biological evidence of hypovolemia, distributive, obstructive or cardiogenic shock. Two hours after admission, we observed a decreased of blood pressure and an increase of lactate level to 7.9 mmol/L. A bedside echocardiography revealed an extra-cardiac left atrial compression and thoracoabdominal computed tomography showed a large sliding HH compressing the left atrium. After an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy permitting the aspiration of gastric contents, a repair surgery was performed without complications and patient was discharge three days later. Emergency physicians should be aware that HH can be a rare cause of cardiac symptoms by heart compression and certainly use echocardiography for unexplained hemodynamic failure.

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BACKGROUND: The Hospitalization or Outpatient Management of Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Infection (HOME-CoV) rule is a checklist of eligibility criteria for home treatment of patients with COVID-19, defined using a Delphi method. RESEARCH QUESTION: Is the HOME-CoV rule reliable for identifying a subgroup of COVID-19 patients with a low risk of adverse outcomes who can be treated at home safely? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We aimed to validate the HOME-CoV rule in a prospective, multicenter study before and after trial of patients with probable or confirmed COVID-19 who sought treatment at the ED of 34 hospitals. The main outcome was an adverse evolution, that is, invasive ventilation or death, occurring within the 7 days after patient admission. The performance of the rule was assessed by the false-negative rate. The impact of the rule implementation was assessed by the absolute differences in the rate of patients who required invasive ventilation or who died and in the rate of patients treated at home, between an observational and an interventional period after implementation of the HOME-CoV rule, with propensity score adjustment. RESULTS: Among 3,000 prospectively enrolled patients, 1,239 (41.3%) demonstrated a negative HOME-CoV rule finding. The false-negative rate of the HOME-CoV rule was 4 in 1,239 (0.32%; 95% CI, 0.13%-0.84%), and its area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 80.9 (95% CI, 76.5-85.2). On the adjusted populations, 25 of 1,274 patients (1.95%) experienced an adverse evolution during the observational period vs 12 of 1,274 patients (0.95%) during the interventional period: -1.00 (95% CI, -1.86 to -0.15). During the observational period, 858 patients (67.35%) were treated at home vs 871 patients (68.37%) during the interventional period: -1.02 (95% CI, -4.46 to 2.26). INTERPRETATION: A large proportion of patients treated in the ED with probable or confirmed COVID-19 have a negative HOME-CoV rule finding and can be treated safely at home with a very low risk of complications. TRIAL REGISTRY: ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT04338841; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.

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BACKGROUND: Data regarding French physicians' alcohol behaviours are scarce and most studies address this issue within the population of either medical students or residents. We aim to describe and assess the prevalence of hazardous alcohol consumption among French physicians. METHODS: A regional, cross-sectional, survey was conducted in 2018 using an online questionnaire among Parisian general practitioners and hospital doctors. Hazardous alcohol consumption was defined by an Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) score ≥ 8. Data were analysed in 2020. RESULTS: Five hundred fifteen physicians completed the survey: 108 general practitioners and 407 hospital physicians. The median age was 40 years [32-55] and 59 % were women. They considered their physical and mental health as average or bad in 10 % and 8% of cases, respectively. The prevalence of hazardous alcohol consumption was 12.6 %. Among the 65 physicians with hazardous alcohol consumption, 27 (41.5 %) did not considered it as risky and four (6.2 %) mentioned a potentially negative impact on patients' care. Factors independently associated with hazardous alcohol consumption were illegal drugs consumption (OR 4.62 [2.05-10.37]) and fixed term contract for hospital doctors (OR 2.69 [1.14-6.36]). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of hazardous alcohol consumption among French physicians was 12.6 %. Illegal substance users and fix-termed contract hospital doctors were more likely to have risky alcohol consumption. A large-scale national study would confirm the factors associated with hazardous alcohol consumption and could explore the efficacy of preventive measures to insure the safety and health of physicians and their patients.

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BACKGROUND: Some studies have demonstrated an association between poor continuity of care, high likelihood of 'inappropriate' use of emergency departments (EDs) and avoidable hospitalization. However, we lack data concerning primary care use after an ED visit. OBJECTIVE: Identify the determinants of a visit to the general practitioner (GP) after an ED visit.Methods. DESIGN: Observational study (single-centre cohort). SETTING: One emergency department in Paris, France. SUBJECTS: All adult patients who presented at the ED and were discharged. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: We collected data by the use of a standardized questionnaire, patients' medical records and a telephonic follow-up. Descriptive analyses were performed to compare individuals with and without a GP. Then, for those with a GP, multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the determinants of the GP consultation. RESULTS: We included 243 patients (mean age 45 years [±19]); 211 (87%) reported having a GP. Among those who reported having a GP, 52% had consulted their GP after the ED visit. Not having a GP was associated with young age, not having complementary health insurance coverage, and being single. GP consultation was associated with increasing age [adjusted odds ratios (aOR) = 1.03], poor self-reported health status (aOR = 2.25), medical complaints versus traumatic injuries (aOR = 2.24) and prescription for sick note (aOR = 5.74). CONCLUSION: Not having a GP was associated with factors of social vulnerability such as not having complementary health insurance coverage. For patients with a GP, consultation in the month after an ED visit seems appropriate, because it was associated with poor health status and medical complaints.

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BACKGROUND: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB) is common in emergency departments (EDs) and can be caused by many eso-gastro-duodenal lesions. Most available epidemiological data and data on the management of UGB comes from specialized departments (intensive care units or gastroenterology departments), but little is known from the ED perspective. We aimed to determine the distribution of symptoms revealing UGB in EDs and the hemorrhagic lesions identified by endoscopy. We also describe the characteristics of patients consulting for UGB, UGB management in the ED and patients outcomes. METHOD: This was a prospective, observational, multicenter study covering 4 consecutive days in November 2013. Participating EDs were part of the Initiatives de Recherche aux Urgences network coordinated by the French Society of Emergency Medicine. All patients with suspected UGB in these EDs were included. RESULTS: In total, 110 EDs participated, including 194 patients with suspected UGB (median age 66 years [Q1-Q3: 51-81]). Overall, 104 patients (54%) had hematemesis and 75 (39%) melena. Endoscopy revealed lesions in 121 patients, mainly gastroduodenal ulcer or ulcerations (41%) or bleeding lesions due to portal hypertension (20%). The final diagnosis of UGB was reversed by endoscopy in only 3% of cases. Overall, 67 patients (35%) had at least one severity sign. Twenty-one patients died (11%); 40 (21%) were hospitalized in intensive care units and 126 (65%) in medicine departments; 28 (14%) were outpatients. Mortality was higher among patients with clinical and biological severity signs. CONCLUSION: Most of the UGB cases in EDs are revealed by hematemesis. The emergency physician diagnosis of UGB is rarely challenged by the endoscopic findings.

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