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The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) has faced constant accusations of human rights violations associated with World Cup Qatar 2022, with prominent media coverage and international football team demonstrations. This study aims to analyze and discuss the approach taken by the tripartite policy network of actors, namely FIFA, Qatar's Supreme Council (SC), and the Local Organizing Committee (Q22) for the creation of the the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 Sustainability Strategy (hereafter WCSS22) published in January 2020. The WCSS22 represents the first time FIFA has clearly articulated its responsibility in connection with impacts that are linked to the construction and operation of World Cup stadia and facilities, in line with the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs). The strategy was also the first to be planned and delivered jointly by FIFA, the SC, and the Q22. Qualitative Content Analysis (QCA) of documents associated with the WCSS22 was performed to answer the following research questions: a) What are the recurrent features of the policy formulation and design process and what role do the UNGPs play? b) How do FIFA and the other policy actors contribute and position themselves in relation to human rights? c) What form did governance (interdependence, interactions, regulated rules, and steering) take in the policymaking process? The study establishes that there are four recurrent features of policy formulation and design: 1) a collective, systematic, and diverse policymaking approach, 2) emphasis on leveraging internal resources and external input, 3) the building foundation of best practice principles, guidelines, strategies, and existing initiatives, and 4) inconsistency on decision-making and accountability measures. FIFA contributes to policymaking primarily through their existing statutes, human rights policy, and commitments to mitigate negative human rights impacts. Furthermore, specified actions, and mechanisms for construction workers' living and working conditions and recruitment processes are articulated by the SC, who take a more prominent role in worker initiatives. Q22, although involved in collective action, and participating in workers welfare, takes a more peripheral role in the policymaking process. In conclusion, it was found that the tripartite policy network of actors represents a participant-based governance approach with cohesive policy formulation, varied resources at their disposal, inconsistencies in accountability measures and with the lead network role dependent on specific actor initiatives and commitments.

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BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to assess micronutrient intake among Greek adults and to identify the main food sources that contribute to it. METHODS: Food consumption data from 2389 participants in the Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey (HNNHS), collected with 24-h recalls, was used to calculate micronutrient intakes. Usual nutrient intake was estimated according to the National Cancer Institute method. Nutrient adequacy was estimated using the estimated average requirement (EAR) cut-point method, when available, or adequate intake otherwise. The probability approach was used to determine iron intake adequacy in females of reproductive age. Food group contribution for each nutrient assessed was derived to identify their main food sources. RESULTS: Almost all individuals had vitamin D intake below EAR, whereas vitamins A, E, K and C, as well as potassium intake, were also insufficient in a considerable percentage of the population (>70% in most age groups). Calcium intake was substantially below the EAR for females aged >50 years and males >70 years; the same for magnesium in males >70 years. Furthermore, 50% of females, including those of reproductive age, had intake of folate below EAR. More than 50% of the population (to 79%) exceeded the upper tolerable limit for sodium (2300 mg day-1 ). Food contribution analysis revealed that most vitamins were derived from low-quality foods (i.e. fast-food). CONCLUSIONS: A significant proportion of adults residing in Greece have low nutrient intake and poor food selections. These results provide guidance to public health policy makers for developing strategies to improve the dietary quality in Greece.

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Aims. Worldwide, cervical cancer is the fifth most deadly cancer in women, but screening prevents cancer by detecting precancerous lesions. The purpose of this study is to present the treatment profile for precancerous lesions of the uterine cervix, according to demographic data. Methods. An annual retrospective study was conducted in two public primary health care centres in Greece. The total number of Pap smears and colposcopies performed as well as the management of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was collected and analysed. Results. Demographic characteristics and correlations with levels of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) and treatment path are presented. For each case, we noted the patients' age, the marital and educational status, and the professional and insurance type. From a total of 238 diagnostic procedures, 118 (49.5%) showed precancerous lesions, 83.3% of these were high grade while 16.7% were low grade. Conclusions. This study provides an estimate of the extensiveness of precancerous lesions of the uterine cervix. Management of CIN should be accounted for when balancing the benefits and unfavourable effects of this screening.

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BACKGROUND: Nosocomial infections are a frequent and continuously increasing problem worldwide, have a rapidly increasing multidrug resistance to antibiotics, and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: Our objectives were to evaluate Acinetobacter baumannii infection incidence in our surgical intensive care unit (SICU), the clinical features and outcome of these patients, and, particularly, to investigate predictors of A baumannii infection-related mortality. METHODS: Ours was a prospective study of all patients with ICU-acquired A baumannii infection from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2007. RESULTS: Among 680 patients, 60 (8.8%) sustained A baumannii infection. Mean age was 68.4 ± 6.2 years, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score on SICU admission 20.6 ± 8.1 and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score on infection day 9.5 ± 4.2 (women: 50%). Multidrug resistance, morbidity, and mortality were 45%, 65%, and 46.6% (n = 28), respectively. In multivariate analysis, age (P = .03; odds ratio [OR], 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.018-1.259), acute renal failure (P = .001; OR, 17.9; 95% CI: 6.628-75.565), and thrombocytopenia (P = .03; OR, 26.4; 95% CI: 1.234-56.926) complicating the infection and subsequent Enterococcus faecium bacteremia (P = .01; OR, 3.5; 95% CI: 1.84-6.95) were mortality predictors. CONCLUSION: A baumannii infections are frequent and associated with high drug multiresistance, morbidity, and mortality. Age, renal failure, thrombocytopenia, and subsequent E faecium bacteremia were predictors of A baumannii infection-associated mortality.

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OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to evaluate Acinetobacter baumannii infections incidence in our Surgical Intensive Care Unit, clinical features and outcome of these patients, and multi-resistance incidence to identify predictors of such a resistance. METHODS: Prospective study of all patients with ICU-acquired Acinetobacter baumannii infection from June 1, 2003 to May 31, 2005. Patients with multi-resistant infection, susceptible exclusively to colistin, were compared with those sustaining non-multi-drug resistant infection. RESULTS: Among 411 patients, 52 (12.6%) developed Acinetobacter infection. Their mean age was 66.3 +/- 8.4 years and APACHE II 20.4 +/- 7.3 (men: 51.9%). Infection sites were: bloodstream (46.2%), respiratory tract (32.7%), central venous catheter (11.5%), surgical site (7.7%), and urinary tract (1.9%). High multi-resistance (44.2%), morbidity (63.4%), and mortality (44.2%) were identified. Colistin was the most effective antibiotic (100% susceptibility), whereas resistance against all other antibiotics was >60%. Previous septic shock (p = 0.04), previous adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (p = 0.01), number of previous antibiotics (p = 0.01), previous aminoglycoside use (p = 0.04), and reoperation (p = 0.01) were risk factors for multi-resistance in univariate analysis. Morbidity in the multi-resistant group was significantly higher than the non-multi-resistant group (82.6% vs. 48.2%, p = 0.02). Mortality in the multi-resistant group also was higher; however, this difference did not marginally reach statistical significance (60.8% vs. 31.1%, p = 0.06). Multivariate analysis identified previous septic shock (p = 0.04; odds ratio (OR), 9.83; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.003-96.29) and reoperation (p = 0.01; OR, 8.45; 95% CI, 1.52-46.85) as independent predictors of multi-resistance. CONCLUSION: Acinetobacter baumannii infections are frequent and associated with high morbidity, mortality, and multi-resistance. Avoidance of unnecessary antibiotics is a high priority, and specific attention should be paid to patients with previous ARDS and, particularly, previous septic shock and reoperation. When such risk factors are identified, colistin may be the only appropriate treatment.

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The Olympic Games have emerged as a significant catalyst of urban change and leave numerous legacies to the cities and countries that host them. This article will address the impacts of the preparations for the 2008 Olympic sailing regatta on mass sport development in the host municipal city of Qingdao, China, and examine the government's mass sport policy and development interventions that are linked to the 2008 Olympic Bid and subsequent preparations. The research draws on policy-making theory to unravel the nature of change and development of mass sport in Qingdao, especially how national and local governments create new policies to promote mass sport development in Qingdao and persuade people to take regular physical activity and practise sports to improve health. The article indicates that the preparations for the event generate significant improvements in mass sport in Qingdao, such as the development of mass sport policies, increase in sports participation rates, creation of new sporting facilities, and consequent improvement of public health. Nevertheless, negative effects are also evidenced in the greater imbalance between rural and urban sports development, and the high fees for using the new water sports facilities.

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