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OBJECTIVES: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and alcoholism are considered to be lifestyle-associated independent risk factors in fatty liver diseases (FLD) mediated cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A combined effect of both these conditions may exacerbate the pathological changes and a pre-clinical exploration of this is expected to provide a mechanical detail of the pathophysiology. The present study aims to understand the effect of alcohol on pre- diabetic and type 2 diabetic female Wistar rats. METHODS: In this experimental study, 12 Wistar rats (180-220â¯g) were randomly assigned into three groups: Normal (fed normal rat chow), alcohol (20â¯%) fed diabetic (HFD + STZ), and pre-diabetic rats (HFD alone). After, two months of the experimental period, blood and liver tissues were collected lipid metabolic alteration, liver injury, and fibrosis were determined following biochemical and histological methods. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Dunnett's Post Hoc test. RESULTS: Significant dyslipidemia was observed in the liver tissues of diabetic and pre-diabetic rats following alcohol ingestion. A significant (p<0.05) increase in lipid peroxidation status, and hepatic marker enzyme activities (p<0.0001) were observed in diabetic animals. In corroborating with these observations, hematoxylin and eosin staining of hepatic tissue revealed the presence of sinusoidal dilation along with heavily damaged hepatocytes and inflammatory cell infiltration. Further, significantly (p<0.001) increased hepatic hydroxyproline content and extended picrosirius red stained areas of collagen in liver tissue indicated initiation of fibrosis in alcohol-fed diabetic rats. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results indicate that alcohol consumption in T2DM conditions is more deleterious than pre diabetic conditions in progressing to hepatic fibrosis.
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The fourth-generation QuantiFERON test for tuberculosis infection, QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus (QFT-Plus) has replaced the earlier version, QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT). A clinical need exists for information about agreement between QFT-Plus and other tests. We conducted this study to assess agreement of test results for QFT-Plus with those of QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT), T-SPOT.TB (T-SPOT), and the tuberculin skin test (TST). Persons at high risk of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and/or progression to tuberculosis (TB) disease were enrolled at the 10 sites of the Tuberculosis Epidemiologic Studies Consortium from October 2016 through May 2017; each participant received all four tests. Cohen's kappa (κ) and Wilcoxon signed-rank test compared qualitative and quantitative results of QFT-Plus with the other tests. Test results for 506 participants showed 94% agreement between QFT-Plus and QFT-GIT, with 19% positive and 75% negative results. When the tests disagreed, it was most often in the direction of QFT-GIT negative/QFT-Plus positive. QFT-Plus had similar concordance as QFT-GIT with TST (77% and 77%, respectively) and T-SPOT (92% and 91%, respectively). The study showed high agreement between QFT-GIT and QFT-Plus in a direct comparison. Both tests had similar agreement with TST and T-SPOT.
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Ensayos de Liberación de Interferón gamma , Prueba de Tuberculina , Tuberculosis/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Niño , Preescolar , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Tuberculosis Latente/sangre , Tuberculosis Latente/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis Latente/microbiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Estudios Prospectivos , Juego de Reactivos para Diagnóstico , Tuberculosis/sangre , Tuberculosis/microbiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is diagnosed immunologically using the Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST) or interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs). While widely used, immunodiagnostics can produce false negative or false positive results. Pathogen biomarkers provide an alternative, but direct detection in LTBI and extrapulmonary TB cases is challenging. Mycobacterium tuberculosis grows slowly, has limited hematogenous movement, is protected by a lipid rich cell wall, and produces low levels of secreted factors. Here we discuss the potential of elicitors by first considering pathogen markers that may be released following the administration of isoniazid. Isoniazid targets the cell wall of mycobacteria found in extracellular compartments and within monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphatic endothelial cells. Isoniazid's dual-purpose potential as an antibiotic and elicitor is supported by knowledge of latent infection dynamics, time-kill kinetics, and new detection techniques. Within hours, the bactericidal action of isoniazid likely enriches plasma with M. tuberculosis DNA, RNA, proteins/peptides, and lipids. Undoubtedly a portion of these biomarkers are eliminated as some bacilli undergo phagocytosis and lysosomal destruction. However, advances in immunoprecipitation and nucleic acid amplification, combined with the use of larger blood volumes during assay development, may overcome these losses. Other anticipated challenges include determining optimal sample collection times and designing diagnostic workflows that minimize processing-associated marker loss and degradation. Conventional, commercial, and emerging technologies that address these variables are discussed. If realized, isoniazid associated markers could provide proof of concept for novel elicitor-based diagnostic approaches capable of confirming LTBI and empirically treated extrapulmonary TB.
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Técnicas Bacteriológicas , Tuberculosis Latente/diagnóstico , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/metabolismo , Tuberculosis/diagnóstico , Animales , Antituberculosos/uso terapéutico , Proteínas Bacterianas/sangre , Biomarcadores/sangre , ADN Bacteriano/sangre , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Humanos , Isoniazida/uso terapéutico , Tuberculosis Latente/sangre , Tuberculosis Latente/tratamiento farmacológico , Tuberculosis Latente/microbiología , Lípidos/sangre , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efectos de los fármacos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , ARN Bacteriano/sangre , ARN Bacteriano/genética , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Resultado del Tratamiento , Tuberculosis/sangre , Tuberculosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Tuberculosis/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) is a rare brain tumour comprising only <1% of primary brain tumours which is seen in children and young adults. Only 9-20% of the PXA shows anaplastic features and this has a bad prognosis. PXA is a WHO grade II tumour while anaplastic PXA is a WHO grade III tumour. Neurofibromatosis type 1(NF1), which is an autosomal dominant condition, predisposes to tumours of the central nervous system; most of which are pilocytic astrocytomas. Association of PXA with NF1 is very rare and only a very few cases have been reported. Here, we present a case of 42-year-old male, a known case of NF1, with multiple neurofibromas, who presented with right sided hemiparesis, seizures and vomiting. The histopathology and immunohistochemistry features were suggestive of anaplastic PXA.
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The methanolic extract of Sida retusa Linn.(Malvaceae),Urena lobata Linn.(Malvaceae)and Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.(Teliaceae) roots were found to inhibit lipid peroxidation, scavenge hydroxyl and superoxide radicals in vitro. The quantity of S.retusa root extract required for 50% inhibition of lipid peroxidation, scavenging hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical was 1130.24 ug/ml respectively. IC 50 of root extract of U.lobata was 470.60 ug/ml, 1627.35ug/ml and 1109.24 ug/ml for superoxide radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation respectively. T.rhomboidea root extract required for IC 50 was 336.65 ug/ml, 1346.03 ug/ml and 1004.22 ug/ml for superoxide scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation respectively. The present investigation indicated that S. retusa, U.lobata and T.rhomboidea possessed significant antioxidant activity.