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The morphologic signs of response of the peripheric neural system of the stomach to vagotomy in animals and in patients with the ulcer disease were compared. The innervative apparatus of the stomach was studied in 4 intact dogs (control), 6 animals who underwent selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) and in 13 patients with the ulcer disease reoperated after SPV performance in connection with the development of a recurrent ulcer. Compensatory possibilities of the innervative apparatus of the stomach in human are lower than those in animals.

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A method for creation of an artificial bladder from the rectum, which was used in 22 children with exstrophy of the bladder with good anatomic and functional results is suggested. In clinical and histologic studies, the inferiority of the exstrophied bladder tissues and unexpediency of their use for plasty have been proved. A long-term result of treatment in 31 of the 35 patients operated on with the use of different methods was studied by the data of complex evaluation of the functions of an artificial bladder, upper urinary tracts and rectal sphincter apparatus.

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In electromanometric investigation of the rectoanal region, in 103 of 108 patients with established diagnosis of functional megacolon, anal achalasia--rectoanal dyssynergy was diagnosed. In 12 patients, achalasia of the internal anal sphincter was revealed. Because of ineffectiveness of the conservative treatment, which included digital dilation of the external anal sphincter and rectoanal training with bioadaptive regulation, in 10 of 12 patients, myectomy of the internal anal sphincter was performed with a good result.

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A method for creation of the artificial smooth muscle anal sphincter, which was used in 18 children with high forms of anorectal atresia and in 9 children with associated incompetence of the external and internal anal sphincters developed after repeated operations, severe traumas of the perineum and rectum and suppurative processes, has been developed. The effectiveness of the developed method is shown on the basis of clinical, functional and experimental morphologic methods of investigation.

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The musculus soleus has been studied in 19-day-old embryos, 4-day-old and 10-day old independently hatched chickens, that are subjected to a complete dissection of their sciatic nerve on the 18th day of development. Dynamics of changes in the muscle fiber diameter (MFD) are statistically evaluated in control animals and also in the operated muscle (OM) and in the contralateral (CL) extremity of the experimental animals. In the OM, the MFD is changing step-by-step, decreasing noticeably by the end of the observations. This demonstrates an increasing atrophy of the muscle fibers (MF). In the CL of 1- and 4-day-old chickens the MF hypertrophy is revealed, the latter is connected with a natural physical loading on the CL during hatching. As demonstrated the results on dynamic changes of statistic moments of higher order (asymmetry and excess), as well as comparison ranges of the MF distribution classes participating in atrophy and hypertrophy processes, it is possible to conclude that by hatching in the muscles studied various MF groups are forming, they differ in their level of differentiation and functional properties. Taking into account the literature data, a conclusion is made that functional stabilization of the MF at the final stages of their differentiation and appearance during this period of ontogenesis certain compensatory reactions--an ability of the embryonal muscles to be subjected to hypertrophy in response to an increased loading--is performed with participation of some central regulatory mechanisms that have maturated by that time.

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According to the method of neural elements impregnation in the authors' modification, the object is fixed for 6-12 h in Lillie fluid cooled to 4 degrees C. Then the object is kept under tap water for 2-6 h. Frozen sections are prepared and kept in pure pyridine for 1-6 h. When the sections are embedded into paraffin or celloidin, they are put into alcohol solutions gradually decreasing their concentration until water is reached, then put into pyridine. In order to remove cellulose, the celloidin sections are treated in 3 portions of pyridine (in the 1st and 2nd-for 10 min, and in the 3d-for 6 h). Then they are washed under tap water for 2-4 h and in distilled water for 30-40 min. Further treatment is performed according to the methods by Bielschowsky - Gros, Kampos or Rasskazova. Excess silver is removed by treating the sections in 2% ammonium persulfate under the microscope control (the process is stopped by putting the sections into 7% sodium hyposulfate for 10 min). Then the sections are treated in 0.1% aurum chloride, in 5% hyposulfite to reveale the tissue background [corrected] and by means of routine histological techniques either after Brashet, Hale, PAS-positive reaction or other methods applied after fixation in Lillie fluid.

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The examinations of biodestruction of segmental polyurethanes from hexamethylene diisocyanate ethylene glycol and polyesters with different chemical composition: polydiethylene glycol succinate, molecular mass 750 (formula A-19), polydiethylene glycol adypates, molecular mass 800 and 1500 (formula A-14 and A-10) were performed employing physico-chemical and histological methods. It was noted that in physiological liquids and animal organisms that polyurethanes containing more polyester bounds, which easily undergo hydrolytic decomposition, had decomposed in higher rate - A-10 > A-19 > A-14. Histological examination revealed the hydrolytic destruction of samples A-19 and A-10 during 24 weeks. However, the rate and biodestruction degree in sample A-10 (especially in ensuring period) was found to be higher than in sample A-19. This appears in its fragmentation and cell activation in connective tissue, surrounding the alloplastic material. These data are consistent to the results of physico-chemical examinations which revealed that sample A-10 after 24 weeks completely loose the durability and the molecular mass diminishes almost four times, while the sample A-19 maintains 37% of durability comparing to initial condition and molecular mass diminishes only two times. Sample A-14 undergoes destruction, at lower degree maintains 50% of durability and its molecular mass diminishes almost two times. The performed examinations show that the changes of ester groups concentration in polyurethanes give the possibility of regulation of the biodegradation rate.

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In model liquids and experimental animals (rats, rabbits) with the aid of physico-mechanical and histological methods (using interferentially polarizating microscopy) a comparative evaluation was made of the biodestruction of polyurethanes from synthetized simple and complex polyesters. The tissue reaction to intra-abdominal, intramuscular and subcutaneous implantation of perforated stripes of A-19 and Nr. 36 polymer was moderate. Two weeks post-operative increased volumetric biodestruction of the polymers was observed. The course was different in various standards and depended upon the chemical structure of the polymers. Taking into account the slight macrophage tissue reaction, in counterdistinction to the significant volumetric biodestruction which envolved the entire width of the polymer strip, it is assumed that the destruction of the investigated polyurethane composition (adhesive KL-3) takes place by hydrolysis 3 to 6 months post-implant.

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The biodestruction process of polyurethane adhesive was investigated in application to intestine anastomoses, wounds of skeletal muscles and surfaces of some internal organs. The polymer destruction was proved to be connected with the activity of giant cells of foreign body type and macrophages phagocyting the micromolecules of the adhesive. The presence of adhesive microfragments in macrophages and giant cells was ascertained on the basis of a method elaborated by the authors consisting in staining of the polyurethane adhesive with Sudan III-IV. Moreover, it was pointed out, that biodestruction products had no negative effect in the regeneration of nervous and muscle fibers.

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