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In the Mediterranean basin, the tick species Hyalomma lusitanicum Koch stands out among other species of the Hyalomma genus due to its wide distribution, and there is great concern about its potential role as a vector and/or reservoir and its continuous expansion to new areas because of climate warming and human and other animal movements. This review aims to consolidate all the information on H. lusitanicum, including taxonomy and evolution, morphological and molecular identification, life cycle, sampling methods, rearing under laboratory conditions, ecology, hosts, geographical distribution, seasonality, vector role and control methods. The availability of adequate data is extremely relevant to the development of appropriate control strategies in areas where this tick is currently distributed as well as in new areas where it could become established in the near future.

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Flea infestations of wild rabbits were examined monthly in central Spain in a meso-Mediterranean area for 5 yr. A total of 1,180 wild rabbits were trapped and 7,022 fleas were collected from them. Overall, the prevalence was 74.1% with a mean flea index of 5.95 fleas per rabbit. Four flea species were identified: Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale, 1878) was the most abundant species (accounting for 74.3% of fleas collected) followed by Xenopsylla cunicularis (Smit, 1957), Odontopsyllus quirosi (Gil Collado, 1934), and Nosopsyllus fasciatus (Bosc, 1800) (18.9, 6.7, and 0.1%, respectively). The highest prevalence was observed in S. cuniculi (48.6%) followed by X. cunicularis, O. quirosi, and N. fasciatus (34.3, 20.0, and 0.6%, respectively). Odontopsyllus quirosi and S. cuniculi were mainly collected from autumn to spring with the peak of infestation in winter, while X. cunicularis was mainly found from spring to autumn with maximum levels of infestation during the summer months. The relevance of these findings is discussed.

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Spirocerca lupi Rudolphi 1809 (Nematoda Spirocercidae) has an indirect cycle involving intermediate and paratenic hosts, having domestic or wild canids as the main definitive hosts. The most frequent pathology affecting dogs is a granulomatous tumor-like growth containing adults in the oesophagus and aorta. There are very few references about the presence of nodules in the stomach. There is scant information about the epidemiology of this disease in wild red foxes in meso-Mediterranean areas. In this work we report on the natural infection of wild red foxes by Spirocerca lupi and the damage produced in the stomach wall in an area where contact with other potential definitive hosts (canids) is very rare. From July 2015 to November 2016, 61 red foxes were sampled. 18.03% of the stomach walls examined had nodules containing Spirocerca lupi adults and eggs. The prevalence of infection was similar for young and adult groups (23.81 and 18.18%; χ2 = 0.25; df = 1; P = 0.6171) and it was higher in females than in males (25.81 versus 10.00%, χ2 = 2.58; df = 1; P = 0.1082). The red fox population in the area seems to be well established judging from their age distribution and the fact that they could be captured all year round. It would appear that in the absence of other main definitive host S. lupi population is able to survive just parasitizing red foxes. Pathologic effects of this parasite on red foxes seems to show some differences related to domestic dogs. These results also indicates as predator control programs can maintain suitable host populations with reduced level of infection.

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Se presenta el caso de un melanoma melanótico primario de esófago confirmado histológicamente, con metástasis ganglionares y pulmonar, cuyos hallazgos mediante imágenes de resonancia magnética (RM), muestran la señal de intensidad típica en T1 de esta patología (AU)

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Se presenta el caso de un melanoma melanótico primario de esófago confirmado histológicamente, con metástasis ganglionares y pulmonar, cuyos hallazgos mediante imágenes de resonancia magnética (RM), muestran la señal de intensidad típica en T1 de esta patología

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cis-Dichloro(d,l-2,3-diaminopropionate ethyl ester)palladium(II), cis-[Pd(Etdap)Cl(2)] (I), and cis-dichloro(d,l-2,4-diaminobutyrate ethyl ester)palladium(II), cis-[Pd(Etdab)Cl(2)] (II), were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and TG-DTA thermal analysis. The equilibrium model and log beta(pqr) constants of hydrolytic species of I and II were also investigated by potentiometric methods (I = 0.15 M (NaClO(4)) and 37 degrees C). Aqueous solutions of cis-[Pd(Etdaa)(H(2)O)(2)](ClO(4))(2) (Etdaa = Etdap (III) or Etdab (IV)) were prepared by stoichiometric reaction of I or II with AgClO(4). Thus, log beta(pqr) of the corresponding cis-aquahydroxo (pqr = 1,0,-1) and di(&mgr;-hydroxo) (pqr = 2,0,-2) species were obtained from E(H(+)) data of alkalimetric titrations of solutions of III or IV. Such constants were then used as fixed values to obtain log beta(pqr)() of chloro-containing species (cis-dichloro (1,2,0), cis-chloroaqua (1,1,0), and cis-chlorohydroxo (1,1,-1)) from E(H(+)) and E(Cl(-)) data pairs simultaneously obtained by titration of solutions of III or IV with NaOH and NaCl. All log beta(pqr) were fitted by the SUPERQUAD program. Appropriate log beta(pqr)() sets give good simulations of experimental titration curves and several species distribution diagrams. In addition the interaction of I and/or II with DNA in vitro and in vivo was studied by various methods. UV spectral data and melting and renaturation curves indicate that both compounds destabilize the DNA helicoidal structure. Compound II disrupts in vivo the structure and transcription process of polytene chromosomes of Drosophila hydei.

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Cis-Dichloro(diaminosuccinic acid)palladium(II), cis-[Pd(H2dasa)Cl2] (I), or cis-dichloro(diaminosuccinate diethyl ester)palladium(II), cis-[Pd(Et2dasa)Cl2] (II) reacts with two equivalents of AgClO4 to give insoluble Pd(dasa) or an aqueous solution of [Pd(Et2dasa) (H2O)2](ClO4)2, respectively. Three solutions of this salt were titrated with NaOH (I = NaClO4 (0.15M),37 degrees C), and 133 E(H+) data (3.5 < or = pH < or = 7) were treated by SUPERQUAD to fit log beta pqr of cis-aquahydroxo-(pqr = 10-1, -5.25(3)) and di-mu-hydroxo-species (20-2, -6.55(1)). At pH > 7 the ester hydrolysis prevents the calculation of log beta 10-2 for the cis-dihydroxo-complex. Another three solutions of such salt were titrated (I = 0.15M (NaClO4), 37 degrees C) with NaOH and NaCl simultaneously using two potentiometric systems (which measure H+ or Cl-). From 147 E(H+) and E(Cl-) data pairs and the above fixed log beta pqr, SUPERQUAD calculations yield log beta pqr for cis-chloro-aqua (pqr = 110, 3.65(1)), cis-chloro-hydroxo (11-1, -2.68 (4)), and cis-dichloro-species (120, 5.86(3)). Simulated and experimental titrations are in good agreement. Circular dichroism spectra of native DNA and drug:DNA complexes suggest that cis-Pd(H2dasa) and cis-Pd(Et2dasa) chelate moieties induce an opening and rotation of the stacked bases in the double helix. This finding is explained by the abundance of each one and of the total neutral and charged species of II in the tested CD solution.

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The reactions of K2PdCl4 with meso-diaminosuccinic acid (H2dasa) in 0.1 M HCl or its diethyl ester dihydrochloride Et2dasa.2HCl in neutralized aqueous solution yield cis-[Pd(H2dasa)Cl2](I) and cis-[Pd(Et2dasa)Cl2](II), respectively. These products were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and TG-DTA thermal analysis. The crystal of II is monoclinic, space group C2/c (a = 14.292(5), b = 14.636(5), c = 13.435(5) A, beta = 98.08(2) degrees, Z = 8, R = 0.041 and wR = 0.06). The Pd(II) atom exhibits a roughly square planar coordination with two Pd-N bonds (Et2dasa) (2.014(2) and 2.049(7) A) and two cis-imposed Pd-Cl bonds (2.294(2) and 2.303(2) A). Compound I reacts with 2,2'-bipyridine in neutral aqueous solution to give [Pd(2,2'-bipy)(dasa)].3H2O(III) in a process of cis-chloride substitution by 2,2'-bipy as a model N-heterocyclic chelating entity. The molecular and crystal structure of III is also reported. It was observed that both cis-dichloro-Pd(II) complexes having Pd(H2dasa) (acidic) and Pd-(Et2dasa)(esterified) chelate entities induce conformational changes in the covalent closed circular (ccc) form of pUC8 plasmid. Both compounds were assayed for antitumor activity in vitro against MDA-MB 468 and HL-60 human cancer cell lines. The results show that compounds I and II have values of ID50 lower than those of K2PdCl4, and also lower than those of diaminoacid ligands (meso-diaminosuccinic acid and meso-diaminosuccinate diethyl ester). Thus it is likely that the imposed cis-coordination of the chelating H2dasa or Et2dasa to the Pd(II) center increases the biological activity of these palladium(II) complexes.

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