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AIM: Our aim was to estimate the incidence of acute and late genitourinary toxicity in patients treated with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) for localised prostate cancer and to estimate the possible influence of individual and clinical characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between September 2009 and September 2013, 225 patients with localised prostate cancer were treated with 3DCRT. Ninety-four patients with an estimated risk of lymph node involvement ≤15%, according to the Roach formula, were evaluated in this study. All patients received a total dose of 72 Gy in 36 fractions. Acute and late genitourinary toxicity were graded according to the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer radiation morbidity scoring scale. Characteristics such as age, smoking status, previous abdominal or pelvic surgery (PAPS), diabetes mellitus and the use of diuretics were analysed as possible predictive factors of toxicity. The median follow-up was 27 months. RESULTS: Grade ≥2 acute toxicity during 3DCRT developed in 25 of 94 patients (26.5%). Predictive factors of acute genitourinary toxicity grade ≥2 in the multivariate logistic regression analysis (MVA) were current smoking status (P = 0.003), PAPS (P = 0.012) and the use of diuretics (P = 0.017). The 2 and 3 year cumulative risk of late genitourinary toxicity grade ≥1 was 25.3% and 30.2%, respectively. In the MVA, acute genitourinary toxicity was significantly associated with late genitourinary toxicity (P = 0.024). CONCLUSION: Current smoking status, PAPS and the use of diuretics have a significant effect on the occurrence of acute genitourinary toxicity grade ≥2. The occurrence of any grade of acute genitourinary toxicity has a significant influence on the development of any grade of late genitourinary toxicity.

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PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pediatric populations is high. In the present study we analyzed associations between vitamin D therapy and pain, mobility, fatigue, and daily functioning in children with musculoskeletal/orthopedic conditions suffering from chronic and recurrent pain, but also diagnosed with vitamin D deficiency. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Children with different musculoskeletal/orthopedic conditions and vitamin D deficiency were prescribed to receive vitamin D over 6 months. Thirty-five children (18 males; age 10.48 ± 3.87 years) completed a 6-month follow-up. Self- and parent/proxy rating scales were used to evaluate pain, movement, fatigue, and daily functioning. RESULTS: At a six-month follow-up assessment involving child- and parent-reported scores, worst pain intensity significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.03) after vitamin D therapy, as well as functioning problems related to pain (p ≤ 0.01). The children reported better movement and balance with less fatigue. The parents reported better functioning in everyday activities of their children. CONCLUSION: This pilot study showed that vitamin D therapy possibly reduces pain intensity and improves mobility and daily functioning in children with musculoskeletal/orthopedic disorders, chronic recurrent pain, and vitamin D deficiency. Further follow-up and randomized studies are required in order to assess the validity of clinical recommendations.

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PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound in detecting endometrial malignancy in peri-menopausal women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The cross-sectional study included 100 perimenopausal women who had changes on the endometrium discovered through a regular ultrasound check-up and were referred to Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics "Narodni Front" in Belgrade during the period from September 1, 2012 to September 1, 2013. Transvaginal ultrasound was performed on each participant in the study. Parameters of the ultrasound examination composed a score system. RESULT: The results of regression analysis showed that this transvaginal ultrasound score have independent prognostic value for detection of endometrial malignancy. Score system showed that the value 8 had the best validity for the detection of endometrial malignity, with the sensitivity of 0.857 ind specificity of 0.785. CONCLUSION: The collected transvaginal ultrasound sample had high predictive value for the discovery of malign changes on endometrium.

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Vascular age (VA) represents chronological age (CA) adjusted for individual's atherosclerotic burden. The presence of erectile dysfunction (ED) has been considered as a clinical sentinel of premature atherosclerosis. The objective of this study was to explore the predictive value of ED in assessing the discrepancy between VA and CA. In the period from 1 January 2014 to 1 January 2015, all consecutive men referring to the outpatient departments of the Clinics of Urology and Cardiology in Belgrade (Serbia) were considered for enrolment in this cross-sectional study. General exclusion criteria were: age below 18, heart failure, history of myocardial infarction, impaired renal and liver function, acute infection, history of endocrine disease other than type 2 diabetes, pelvic surgery or trauma, and acute coronary syndrome within the last 6 months. According to the presence of ED, hypertension, type 2 diabetes and history of coronary artery disease participants were assigned into five study groups. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify the predictive value of ED in detection of advanced VA. The mean age of males enrolled in the study was 52.9 ± 7.7 years. The predominance of VA over CA was statistically significantly higher in the group of participants with coexistence of ED and hypertension compared to the group of patients with ED and type 2 diabetes (p = 0.027) and the group of patients with ED (p = 0.014) and control group (p < 0.01). Regression analysis highlighted that ED represented a highly important marker (p < 0.01) of advanced VA, which independently accounted for 6.1% of the variance in the discrepancy between VA and CA. Our study suggests that assessment of ED could be a part of a more comprehensive prediction of patients' advanced VA. Screening among such a highly selected population may help identify those that would most benefit from drug treatments and life style changes.

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AIM: The analyze the potential influence between obesity in pregnancy and the abdominal delivery-cesarean section and to establish the possibility of its prevention. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study examined 200 patients, delivered by cesarean section in a one-year period. The study included a structured questionnaire; the body weight at the end of pregnancy was measured and it was analyzed against all available medicine documentation. Statistical analysis included: chi2 test, Student's t-test, and Fisher's test, as well the Pearson's and Spearman's test of correlation rank. RESULTS: From all 200 (100%) patients delivered by cesarean section, 67 (33.5%) were overweight and obese. Body mass index at the beginning of pregnancy was significantly associated with cesarean section (chi2 = 69.141; p < 0.001), along with the appearance of eventual pregnancy complications, and also with the neonatal birth weight (p = 0.224; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The nutritive status, both at the beginning and at the end of pregnancy is the important factor for the pregnancy outcome.

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BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine prevalence and 15-year survival in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT). METHODS: The study covers the period from 1 January 1988 to 31 December 2007 in the territory of Belgrade. Data on a number of CMT-affected persons and their basic demographic characteristics as well as data on the disease were collected from medical records. Data on the course and outcome of the disease were obtained through direct contact with patients, their families and their physicians. RESULTS: We registered 161 patients with CMT in the population of Belgrade. The most frequent type was CMT1. The crude prevalence of CMT disease in the Belgrade population on 31 December 2007 was 9.7/100,000 for all subtypes, 7.1/100,000 for CMT1, and 2.3/100,000 for CMT2. Gender-specific prevalence was 11.2/100,000 for males and 8.3/100,000 for females. The highest age-specific prevalence was registered in the oldest age group (75+ years; 19.1/100,000), and the lowest one in patients aged 5-14 years (5.0/100,000). The cumulative probability of 15-year survival for CMT patients in Belgrade was 85.6 ± 7.8% (44.9 ± 31.8% for males and 98.2 ± 1.8% for females). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of CMT found in Belgrade is similar to the prevalence registered in Southern European countries.

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OBJECTIVE: Sexual dysfunction (SD) is a common but often overlooked symptom in multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this study was to estimate the frequency, type, and intensity of SD in our patients with MS and to investigate its influence on all the domains of quality of life. METHODS: The study population comprised a cohort of 109 patients with MS (McDonald's criteria, 2001). SD was quantified by a Szasz sexual functioning scale. Health-related quality of life was measured by a disease-specific instrument MSQoL-54 (Serbian version). RESULTS: The presence of at least one symptom of SD was found in about 84% of the men and in 85% of the women. The main complaints in women were reduced libido, difficulties in achieving orgasm, and decreased vaginal lubrication; in men, the main complaints were reduced libido, incomplete erections, and premature ejaculation. In women, statistically significant negative correlations between the presence and level of SD and quality of life domains were reached for all subscales (P < 0.01), except for the Pain subscale (P = 0.112). In men, negative correlations were also observed for all domains, but they were statistically significant for physical health, physical role limitations, social function, health distress, sexual function, and sexual function satisfaction (P < 0.01). We found that the presence of all the analyzed types of sexual problems statistically significantly lowered scores on the sexual function and the sexual function satisfaction subscales in both men and women (P < 0.01). The most prominent impact on both domains was observed for the total loss of erection in men and for anorgasmia in women. CONCLUSIONS: Our results reveal that frequent occurrence of SD in MS patients prominently affects all aspects of their quality of life.

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Entropy, as the measure of that part of the heat or energy of a system which is not available to perform work, is suitable for application in numerous medical investigations. It is determined in regard to two states of the system: states above and below the examined level of studied parameters. By application of entropy function in completed examinations sometimes it is possible to gain additional conclusions or to confirm already existing. This method of entropy determination was performed in final quantitative bacteriological and cytological examinations of samples gained from the first morning urine of 314 persons without symptoms or signs of urinary tract infection, 422 patients with symptoms and signs of bacterial infection and 31 deceased persons with autopsy confirmed pyelonephritis. Gathered results confirm the diagnostic and prognostic significance of quantitative bacteriological and cytological urine examination. However, by examination of these findings in patients with pyelonephritis, as well as the nature of bacteria, it can be concluded that the lowest of bacteriuria is between 10(3) and 10(4) in 1 ml of urine.

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The role of serotonin in the insulin hypoglycemia (IH) stimulated secretion of prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol (F) was studied in a group of 12 normal subjects during the control period after placebo and a consecutive six-day treatment with 20 mg ritanserin (RIT) per day. RIT failed to affect the baseline levels of all the four hormones as well as the PRL response to IH (p > 0.5). The serum GH response to IH was moderately diminished after RIT, the reduction of integrated trapezoidal area under hormone curves (nAUC) being 50.7% +/- 6.9% (p < 0.005). Furthermore, RIT was found to slightly decrease the plasma ACTH response to IH, the reduction of nAUC being 36.3% +/- 2.6% (p < 0.005). Decrease in the corresponding plasma F response to IH was accompanied by 29.1% +/- 2.4% reduction of nAUC (p < 0.005). According to our results, serotonin-S2 receptors appeared to be moderately involved in IH-induced release of GH, but slightly in that of ACTH, leaving unaffected that of PRL.

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The aim of this study was to establish the concentration of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in saliva of acromegalic patients, and to compare it with the basal levels of serum IGF-I and growth hormone. IGF-I was determined in extracted serum or neat saliva by a disequilibrium RIA using antibodies and iodinated ligand from Amersham and WHO 87/518 as standard. The detection limit of the assay was 0.5 microgram/l, and the intra- and interassay coefficients of variations were 7.9% and 15% respectively. Our study included 13 healthy adult individuals and 17 acromegalics. Compared with healthy adult subjects, acromegalics had significantly higher salivary IGF-I concentrations (mean +/- SEM 5.4 +/- 2.64 vs. 10.5 + -5.69 micrograms/l; p < 0.01), as well as serum IGF-I (176 +/- 42.9 vs. 520 +/- 98.8 micrograms/l; p < 0.0001) and somatotropin levels (1.2 +/- 1.02 vs. 15.4 +/- 9.89 micrograms/l; p < 0.0001). However, 47.1% patients (8 out of 17) with active acromegaly had salivary IGF-I concentrations within the normal range. Serum IGF-I and somatotropin concentrations were found to follow more closely the disease activity after adenomectomy, compared with the concentrations of salivary IGF-I. These results suggest that the IGF-I levels in serum and saliva are somatotropin-dependent. According to our results, measurement of IGF-I in saliva cannot be considered as an additional measure for evaluation of the disease activity in acromegaly, being less reliable than the determination of IGF-I and somatotropin in serum.

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The availability of a new potent and selective serotonin-S2 antagonist, ritanserin (RIT), encouraged us to further investigate the effect of serotonin on the basal secretion of anterior pituitary hormones in normal humans. Administered in a single 30-mg dose to group 1 consisting of 10 normal women, RIT failed to affect the baseline LH, FSH, GH or TSH levels. In group 2 consisting of 20 normal subjects (ten males and ten females), the same dose of RIT decreased in parallel both ACTH and cortisol levels but only at 180 min. Group 3 consisting of 8 normal men was studied on three separate occasions seven days apart: each subject received graded doses of 10 mg, 20 mg and 30 mg RIT. The mean baseline PRL concentration at 180 min as well as the net integrated area under the hormone curve (nAUC) decreased only after the highest dose, while the baseline cortisol concentrations at 180 min as well as the corresponding nAUC values displayed a clear dose-dependent response. The findings indicated the serotonin-S2 receptors to be only partially involved in the basal secretion of ACTH in normal humans.

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