RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: In high HIV prevalence settings, first-line antituberculosis drug (FLTD)-associated drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) poses therapeutic challenges. A sequential and additive drug challenge (SADC) of FLTDs best identifies offending drug(s), avoids unnecessary exclusions, and optimizes reinitiation of nonoffending drugs. However, SADC-associated reaction complexities limit its utility. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to describe the characteristics of patients with FLTD-associated DRESS, their treatment-limiting SADC reactions, and related outcomes. METHODS: Patients hospitalized with FLTD-associated DRESS from 2013 to 2023 in a South African tertiary hospital and enrolled (retrospectively or prospectively) in an existing registry were eligible. RESULTS: SADC was undertaken in 41 patients. Overall, 47 classifiable reactions occurred. 34/47 (72%) reactions in 29/41 (71%) patients were treatment-limiting and 12 of 41(29%) patients reinitiated FLTDs uneventfully. Fifteen single and 8 multiple drug reactors were identified. Rifampicin in 13 of 23(57%) reactors was the most common individual offender. Ethambutol was most frequently involved in multiple drug reactors. The median (interquartile range) time to a detectable reaction was 24(12-120) hours, 6 of 34(18%) being immediate (<6 hours). Itch (65%), eosinophilia (56%), fever (41%), atypical lymphocytosis (41%), rash (38%), transaminitis (32%), and facial edema (18%) singly or in combination were the most common features. Three reactions, 1 epidermal necrolysis and 2 liver derangements, were Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grade 4 (life-threatening) events. No predictors of multiple drug reactivity were identified, but multiple reactors were hospitalized significantly longer, 125(100-134) days versus 60(45-80) days. CONCLUSIONS: SADC optimizes FLTD reinitiation. However, timing, clinical presentation, and severity of SADC-associated reactions after FLTD-associated DRESS are markedly heterogeneous. Additionally, multiple drug reactors are a complex group that require longer hospitalization. There are no routine biomarkers available to distinguish true multiple drug hypersensitivity from nonspecific flare-ups and to guide long-term drug avoidance strategies.

RESUMEN

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and SJS/TEN overlap (SJS/TEN), collectively referred to SJS/TEN, form a spectrum of severe life-threatening adverse drug reactions whose pathomechanism is not fully understood. The article "Photodistributed Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: A Systematic Review and Proposal for a New Diagnostic Classification" by McKinley et. al., discusses a distinct distribution of epidermal necrosis in SJS/TEN, attributable to preceding exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), and relative sparing of photo-protected areas. After reviewing numerous cases within the Immune-mediated Adverse drug Reactions in African HIV endemic setting Register and Biorepository (IMARI-SA) at the University of Cape Town with a similar clinical pattern as those published by McKinley et. al., we propose that the relative sparing of some areas giving an impression of photo-distribution is due to localised increase in skin pressure that reduces the blood supply in that area below a critical threshold. A dip in blood supply below this critical threshold quantitively limited T lymphocytes and cytokines that drive SJS/TEN to reach and damage the skin.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The actions in Occupational Health developed by Primary Health Care teams in a medium-sized municipality were assessed in a cross-sectional analytical study. A questionnaire consisting of 35 questions, divided up into four sections and answered by 289 health professionals, was used. The results were analyzed according to the distribution of absolute and relative frequencies using the chi-square test with a significance level of 0.05. The results revealed that activities developed in the area, as well as the epidemiological profile of the working population living in the area of coverage, are acknowledged as being productive, however interventions based on this diagnosis were not identified. It was observed that, among the professionals, more frequently it is the physician who identifies the epidemiological profile of the workers, while the nurse takes the lead role in the surveillance of diseases and in the technical-pedagogical support for the development of actions in Occupational Health. Based on the findings, it was observed that teams find it difficult to incorporate actions in Occupational Health in the planning of daily activities in their praxis, suggesting the need for professional qualification and pedagogical and institutional technical support from the specialized units.

Foram analisadas as ações de Saúde do Trabalhador desenvolvidas pelas equipes da Atenção Primária em município de médio porte em estudo transversal analítico. Utilizou-se questionário contendo 35 questões, distribuídas em quatro blocos, respondidas por 289 profissionais de saúde. Os resultados foram analisados segundo a distribuição das frequências absolutas e relativas com o teste de qui-quadrado, ao nível de significância de 0,05. Os resultados demonstraram que são reconhecidas as atividades produtivas desenvolvidas no território assim como o perfil epidemiológico da população trabalhadora residente em sua área de abrangência, entretanto, não foram identificadas intervenções orientadas por esse diagnóstico. Observou-se que, entre os profissionais, o médico identifica com mais frequência o perfil epidemiológico dos trabalhadores e o enfermeiro destaca-se na vigilância dos agravos e no apoio técnico-pedagógico para o desenvolvimento de ações de Saúde do Trabalhador. Com base nos achados, observou-se que as equipes têm dificuldade para incorporar as ações de Saúde do Trabalhador no planejamento das atividades cotidianas de sua práxis, sugerindo a necessidade de qualificação profissional e suporte técnico pedagógico e institucional pelas instâncias especializadas.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Resumo Foram analisadas as ações de Saúde do Trabalhador desenvolvidas pelas equipes da Atenção Primária em município de médio porte em estudo transversal analítico. Utilizou-se questionário contendo 35 questões, distribuídas em quatro blocos, respondidas por 289 profissionais de saúde. Os resultados foram analisados segundo a distribuição das frequências absolutas e relativas com o teste de qui-quadrado, ao nível de significância de 0,05. Os resultados demonstraram que são reconhecidas as atividades produtivas desenvolvidas no território assim como o perfil epidemiológico da população trabalhadora residente em sua área de abrangência, entretanto, não foram identificadas intervenções orientadas por esse diagnóstico. Observou-se que, entre os profissionais, o médico identifica com mais frequência o perfil epidemiológico dos trabalhadores e o enfermeiro destaca-se na vigilância dos agravos e no apoio técnico-pedagógico para o desenvolvimento de ações de Saúde do Trabalhador. Com base nos achados, observou-se que as equipes têm dificuldade para incorporar as ações de Saúde do Trabalhador no planejamento das atividades cotidianas de sua práxis, sugerindo a necessidade de qualificação profissional e suporte técnico pedagógico e institucional pelas instâncias especializadas.

Abstract The actions in Occupational Health developed by Primary Health Care teams in a medium-sized municipality were assessed in a cross-sectional analytical study. A questionnaire consisting of 35 questions, divided up into four sections and answered by 289 health professionals, was used. The results were analyzed according to the distribution of absolute and relative frequencies using the chi-square test with a significance level of 0.05. The results revealed that activities developed in the area, as well as the epidemiological profile of the working population living in the area of coverage, are acknowledged as being productive, however interventions based on this diagnosis were not identified. It was observed that, among the professionals, more frequently it is the physician who identifies the epidemiological profile of the workers, while the nurse takes the lead role in the surveillance of diseases and in the technical-pedagogical support for the development of actions in Occupational Health. Based on the findings, it was observed that teams find it difficult to incorporate actions in Occupational Health in the planning of daily activities in their praxis, suggesting the need for professional qualification and pedagogical and institutional technical support from the specialized units.

Asunto(s)