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PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To provide an overview of the literature regarding the use of machine learning algorithms to predict hypertension. A systematic review was performed to select recent articles on the subject. RECENT FINDINGS: The screening of the articles was conducted using a machine learning algorithm (ASReview). A total of 21 articles published between January 2018 and May 2021 were identified and compared according to variable selection, train-test split, data balancing, outcome definition, final algorithm, and performance metrics. Overall, the articles achieved an area under the ROC curve (AUROC) between 0.766 and 1.00. The algorithms most frequently identified as having the best performance were support vector machines (SVM), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and random forest. Machine learning algorithms are a promising tool to improve preventive clinical decisions and targeted public health policies for hypertension. However, technical factors such as outcome definition, availability of the final code, predictive performance, explainability, and data leakage need to be consistently and critically evaluated.

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Rodrigues, R, Franke, RA, Teixeira, BC, Macedo, RCO, Diefenthaeler, F, Baroni, BM, and Vaz, MA. Can the combination of acute alcohol intake and one night of sleep deprivation affect neuromuscular performance in healthy male adults? A cross-over randomized controlled trial. J Strength Cond Res 33(5): 1244-1251, 2019-The aim of this work was to perform a cross-over study to compare isolated and combined effects of alcohol intake and sleep deprivation on neuromuscular responses. Ten young and physically active male subjects were allocated to 4 conditions: (a) placebo intake + normal sleep (PLA + SLE); (b) alcohol intake + normal sleep (ALC + SLE); (c) placebo intake + sleep deprivation (PLA + SDP); and (d) alcohol intake + sleep deprivation (ALC + SDP). In each condition, volunteers ingested 1 g of alcohol per kg of body mass of alcoholic beer or nonalcoholic beer (placebo), followed by one night of normal sleep or sleep deprivation. In the next morning, neuromuscular performance (knee extensor isometric and concentric peak torque and time to task failure during the endurance test) and muscle activation were assessed. No differences were observed in the neuromuscular performance. We observed a significant reduction in quadriceps activation during the knee extensor isometric test in ALC + SDP compared with PLA + SLE (-20.8%; p = 0.02; d = 0.56). Our results demonstrated that acute alcohol intake and one night of sleep deprivation reduced quadriceps muscle activation without impact on neuromuscular performance.

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Farinha, JB, Macedo, CEO, Rodrigues-Krause, J, Krüger, RL, Boeno, FP, Macedo, RCO, Queiroz, JN, Teixeira, BC, and Reischak-Oliveira, A. Effects of two combined exercise designs associated with high-fat meal consumption on postprandial lipemia, insulinemia, and oxidative stress. J Strength Cond Res 32(5): 1422-1430, 2018-Impaired postprandial lipemia (PPL) response after the consumption of a high-fat meal (HFM) is linked to diabetes, oxidative stress, and cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to investigate lipid and glucose metabolism and oxidative stress responses of 2 different combined exercise designs associated with HFM consumption. Eleven healthy and physically active men (27.36 ± 5.04 years) participated in this study. After the pretrial visits, participants were randomly assigned to perform 2-day trials in 3 different conditions (interspaced by at least 1 week): resting (REST), circuit combined exercise (CIRC), or traditional combined exercise (COMB), on the evening of day 1. On the morning of day 2, an HFM was provided and blood samples were obtained before and after 1, 3, and 5 hours of HFM consumption. No differences were found with respect to glucose, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, or total thiol levels in between time points or conditions. One-way analysis of variance demonstrated a difference between REST and CIRC (p = 0.029; reduction of 35.29%) and between REST and COMB (p = 0.041; reduction of 33.41%) conditions with incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for triacylglycerol levels. A difference between REST and CIRC (p = 0.03; reduction of 34.22%) conditions in terms of iAUC for insulin was also found. Both CIRC and COMB exercise designs can reduce PPL associated with HFM consumption. Moreover, CIRC reduces the iAUC for insulin, suggesting additional benefits for prescribing this type of exercise.

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BACKGROUND: Gaucher disease type I (GD type I) is characterized by clinical heterogeneity and is associated with metabolic abnormalities such as increased basal metabolic rate. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate ghrelin, leptin and adiponectin levels in patients with GD type I on enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study of patients with GD type I (n = 15), matched for sex, age and BMI with healthy controls. The levels of glucose, insulin, ghrelin, leptin and adiponectin were assessed in both groups. Insulin resistance was defined by the index HOMA-IR. RESULTS: Eight patients had adequate weight, seven were overweight (4 preobese, 3 obese class I). Eight patients presented metabolic syndrome, five of whom with insulin resistance. The median levels of ghrelin, leptin and adiponectin of the patients did not differ from those of the controls. Ghrelin and adiponectin levels were correlated with each other; inversely correlated with BMI, waist circumference and triglyceride levels; and directly correlated with HDL-cholesterol. Leptin levels were inversely correlated with LDL-cholesterol and directly correlated with BMI, waist circumference, enzyme dosage, triglycerides, insulin, and HOMA-IR. CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic syndrome and overweight appear to be common in patients with GD type I on ERT. As leptin was strongly associated with insulin and HOMA index, it could become a biomarker to assess early evidence of insulin resistance in patients with GD. Further studies are needed to investigate the associations found.

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BACKGROUND: Diet and exercise are often prescribed as primary intervention regarding obesity-related disorders. Additionally, recent studies have shown beneficial effects of weight loss through diet and exercise in ghrelin concentrations in obese subjects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 5% weight loss on lipid profile, resting metabolic rate (RMR), and acylated ghrelin (AG) using two different methods of intervention (diet or diet plus exercise). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen subjects (twelve women and six men) aged 20-40 years with a body mass index of 30-34.9 kg/m(2) (grade 1 obesity) were randomized into two intervention groups: diet (n=9) or diet plus exercise (n=9). Both groups underwent treatment until 5% of the initial body weight was lost. At baseline and upon completion, RMR and AG were analyzed. RESULTS: Both groups showed a significant decrease in body fat percentage and fat mass. The diet-plus-exercise group showed a decrease in AG (pre: 54.4±25.3 pg/mL and post: 33.2±19.1 pg/mL) and an increase in RMR (pre: 1,363±379 kcal/day, post: 1,633±223 kcal/day). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that diet plus exercise induced weight loss and had beneficial effects on AG concentration and RMR, essential factors to ensure the benefits of a weight-loss program.