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PROBLEM: Studies have shown a relationship between endometriosis and ovarian cancer. Our aims were to evaluate and compare the dosages of cytokines IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α in serum, intracystic fluid, and peritoneal fluid of patients with ovarian endometrioma, malignant and benign ovarian neoplasms, and non-neoplastic ovarian tumors; to verify if there is a correlation between the values of these cytokines between ovarian endometrioma and ovarian malignancy; and to determine the best cut-off point for serum cytokines that can be used to differentiate patients with ovarian malignancy and endometrioma. METHOD OF STUDY: The concentrations of cytokines were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test with the Dunn post-test. Receiver operating feature (ROC) curve was used to obtain the area under the curve (AUC) and to determine the best cut-off values that could be used in the diagnosis of ovarian malignancy. Correlations of cytokine concentrations were performed by the Spearman test. RESULTS: IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 concentrations were higher in patients with malignant neoplasia. When evaluating the area under the curve (AUC) of serum cytokine levels comparing patients with malignant neoplasia and endometriomas, there was statistical significance for IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10. CONCLUSION: Our results showed utility in serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-10, and IL-8 as parameters that differentiate endometriomas from ovarian malignancies.

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PURPOSE: The aim was to investigate the systemic levels of cytokines and the expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR2 in circulating neutrophils in patients with non-neoplastic ovarian lesions, benign neoplasia or malignant neoplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Controls and patients with ovarian tumours were pre-operatively compared for the production of cytokines (IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α) by ELISA, and for the expression of the chemokine receptor, CXCR2, in neutrophils, by flow cytometry. Randomly selected patients within the malignant group were re-evaluated for the inflammatory parameters at 30 days after surgery. RESULTS: The serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 were significantly higher in the benign and malignant neoplasia than in the control group, and their levels were significantly higher in ovarian cancer patients than in patients with non-neoplastic tumours or benign neoplasia. Treatment reduced IL-8 serum levels but did not affect CXCR2 expression in neutrophils. Cut-off values for IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 comparing malignant vs. benign neoplasia were 11.3, 71.7, 14.8, and comparing malignant neoplasm vs. non-neoplastic lesions were 7.2, 43.5, 12.3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Serum IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 levels, and expression of CXCR2 in circulating neutrophils seem promising for distinguishing ovarian cancer patients from patients with benign tumours.

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The objectives of the study were to analyze the dosage of a cytokine panel (IL2, IL5, IL6, IL8, IL10, and TNF-α) in the peritoneal fluid and relate the dosage of these cytokines to prognostic para- meters and survival in ovarian cancer. Peritoneal fluid was collected intraopera- tively from 29 patients with primary malignant ovarian neoplasia. Cytokine panel dosing was performed with ELISA. Comparisons of cytokines with prognostic factors were performed using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. ROC curves were used to determine the cutoff value of NLR, PLR, and IL6. Univariate and multivariate analysis of disease-free survival (DFS) or overall survival (OS) were performed (Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression). The differences were considered significant when the value of p < .05. Higher levels of IL-6 were related to a neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) >3.18 (p = .04), a platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) >219.23 (p = .0051), CA-125 levels >35 U/mL (p = .0019), stage IIIC (p = .0203), and DFS ≤ 24 months (p = .0267). For IL-8, higher levels were related to PLR > 219.23 (p = .0426), and CA-125 >35 U/mL (p = .0292). In the univariate analysis, IL-6 levels ≥87.23 in peritoneal fluid had a relationship with shorter DFS at significance threshold (p = .05), and with a shorter OS (p = .039). Multivariate survival analysis proved that IL-6 level in the peritoneal fluid was an independent predictor of OS. Therefore, IL-6 and IL-8 in peritoneal lavage were related to poor prognostic factors. These cytokines may represent new biomarkers for ovarian cancer therapies.

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OBJECTIVE: The objectives of the present study were to demonstrate the influence of neutrophils, platelets, and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in the ovarian cancer prognosis and to compare these parameters with benign ovarian neoplasms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Records of patients underwent surgery for ovarian cysts were evaluated. There were 72 malignant neoplasms and 213 benign neoplasms. Age, parity, histologic type, tumor stage, type of surgery performed, chemotherapy, disease-free survival, serum levels of tumor markers, neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets, and NRL were recorded. The Mann-Whitney, the Chi-square test and multiple linear regression were used. A P-value < 0.05 was established as the significance level. RESULTS: Higher values of platelets, neutrophils, and NLR were found in malignant tumors (P = 0.0132, P = 0.0208, and P < 0.0001, respectively), while lymphocytes values were higher in benign group (P < 0.0001). Preoperative platelet count 300,000/mm3 was related to less aggressive histological types (P = 0.0148). NLR <3 was related to the initial stages (P = 0.0053), and patients with disease-free survival >24 months had most often neutropenia during chemotherapy (P = 0.0482). After multivariate analysis, platelets, NLR, and serum levels of CA15.3 were considered independent variables related to tumor staging (P = 0.028, P = 0.028, and P = 0.035, respectively). CONCLUSION: NLR and serum levels of platelets may represent potential prognostic factors in ovarian cancer, and they may also serve as therapeutic targets in the future treatment strategies.

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The aims of the study were to compare the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and its soluble type I (sTNF-R1) and type II (sTNF-R2) receptors detected in intracystic liquid and serum from benign and malignant ovarian neoplasms and to relate them to prognostic factors in epithelial ovarian cancer. The patients were divided into benign ovarian neoplasms (n = 46) and malignant ovarian neoplasms (n = 17). The serum and intracystic samples were collected before and during surgery for ovarian cyst, respectively. The levels of TNF-α, sTNF-R1, and sTNF-R2 were measured using ELISA. Results were compared with the Mann-Whitney test. Concentration of sTNF-R2 in the intracystic samples collected from the malignant neoplasia was significantly higher than that of the benign neoplasias (p = 0.02). Higher intracystic levels of sTNF-R2 exhibited a significant association with tumor differentiation grades 2 and 3 (p = 0.0087). There was no statistical significance in relation to serum levels. Tumor microenvironment levels of sTNF-R2 may represent a factor of poor prognosis in epithelial ovarian cancer.

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The aim of the study was to correlate serum levels of IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α with clinical, laboratory, and pathological prognostic factors in patients with primary ovarian malignancy. Patients treated at the Pelvic Mass Ambulatory of the Discipline of Gynecology and Obstetrics/Oncology Research Institute (IPON) of the UFTM with confirmed diagnosis of malignant ovarian neoplasia (n = 26) were evaluated. Serum collection was performed preoperatively for the determination of tumor markers. The cytokines IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The prognostic factors were compared using the Mann-Whitney test, with significance level lower than 0.05. When evaluating IL6, it was observed that higher serum levels were associated with overall survival less than 60 months (p = 0.0382). In the evaluation of IL8, higher serum levels were associated with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) ≥ 4 and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) ≥ 200 (p = 0.0198 and p = 0.0072, respectively), altered values of serum CA125 (p = 0.0457), and stage IIIC (p = 0.0486). Therefore, increased levels of IL-6 and IL-8 are associated with factors of worse prognosis in ovarian cancer. Additional studies with a larger sample of patients are needed to confirm the role of cytokines as prognostic factors, in the definition of treatment, and in the development of future target therapies.

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OBJECTIVE: To characterize the inflammatory profiles of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus receiving standard treatment compared to healthy controls. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Peripheral venous blood was collected from systemic lupus erythematosus patients (n=14) and controls (n=18) at enrollment. Blood samples were used for quantification, by flow cytometry, of CD11b (integrin) and Chemokine receptor CXCR2 expression surface antigen in neutrophils and lymphocytes, while cytokines were assayed in serum samples. Purified neutrophils were assayed by their ability to phagocytize human plasma-opsonized zymosan. RESULTS: Patients had a median (interquartile range) disease activity index of 1.0 (0-2.0) characteristic of patients in remission. Interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 serum concentrations were significantly higher in the patient group compared to controls and the phagocytic index of circulating neutrophils was significantly reduced in patients compared to controls. The levels of interleukin-2, interleukin-5, interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha did not significantly differ between patients and controls. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the integrin expression levels were reduced in lymphocytes (but not in neutrophils) obtained from systemic lupus erythematosus patients, while surface expression of the chemokine receptor 2 was similar in both neutrophils and lymphocytes. CONCLUSION: Systemic lupus erythematosus patients receiving standard treatment presented with elevated systemic levels of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10, reduced neutrophil phagocytic capacity, and reduced lymphocyte expression of integrin even when symptoms were in remission. These alterations to innate immune components may put these individuals at a greater risk for acquiring infections.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize the inflammatory profiles of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus receiving standard treatment compared to healthy controls. Patients and methods: Peripheral venous blood was collected from systemic lupus erythematosus patients (n = 14) and controls (n = 18) at enrollment. Blood samples were used for quantification, by flow cytometry, of CD11b (integrin) and Chemokine receptor CXCR2 expression surface antigen in neutrophils and lymphocytes, while cytokines were assayed in serum samples. Purified neutrophils were assayed by their ability to phagocytize human plasma-opsonized zymosan. Results: Patients had a median (interquartile range) disease activity index of 1.0 (0-2.0) characteristic of patients in remission. Interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 serum concentrations were significantly higher in the patient group compared to controls and the phagocytic index of circulating neutrophils was significantly reduced in patients compared to controls. The levels of interleukin-2, interleukin-5, interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha did not significantly differ between patients and controls. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the integrin expression levels were reduced in lymphocytes (but not in neutrophils) obtained from systemic lupus erythematosus patients, while surface expression of the chemokine receptor 2 was similar in both neutrophils and lymphocytes. Conclusion: Systemic lupus erythematosus patients receiving standard treatment presented with elevated systemic levels of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10, reduced neutrophil phagocytic capacity, and reduced lymphocyte expression of integrin even when symptoms were in remission. These alterations to innate immune components may put these individuals at a greater risk for acquiring infections.

RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar os perfis inflamatórios de pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) que recebiam o tratamento padrão em comparação com controles saudáveis. Pacientes e métodos: Coletou-se o sangue venoso periférico de pacientes com LES (n = 14) e controles (n = 18) no momento da entrada no estudo. As amostras de sangue foram usadas para quantificação, por citometria de fluxo, da expressão dos antígenos de superfície CD11b (integrina) e CXCR2 em neutrófilos e linfócitos, enquanto as citocinas foram avaliadas em amostras de soro. Avaliou-se a capacidade dos neutrófilos purificados de fagocitar zimosan opsonizado com plasma humano. Resultados: Os pacientes apresentavam uma pontuação mediana (intervalo interquartil) no Sledai de 1 (0-2), característica de pacientes em remissão. As concentrações séricas de IL-6 e IL-10 foram significativamente maiores no grupo de pacientes em comparação com os controles; o índice de fagocitose de neutrófilos circulantes estava significativamente reduzido nos pacientes em comparação com os controles. Os níveis de IL-2, IL-5, IL-8 e TNF-α não diferiram significativamente entre pacientes e controles. A análise da citometria de fluxo revelou que os níveis de expressão de CD11b estavam reduzidos nos linfócitos (mas não nos neutrófilos) obtidos de pacientes com LES, enquanto a expressão do receptor de superfície CXCR2 foi semelhante em neutrófilos e linfócitos. Conclusão: Os pacientes com LES que recebiam tratamento padrão apresentaram níveis sistêmicos elevados de IL-6 e IL-10, redução na capacidade fagocítica dos neutrófilos e redução da expressão de CD11b em linfócitos, mesmo quando os sintomas estavam em remissão. Essas alterações nos componentes da imunidade inata podem colocar esses indivíduos em maior risco de adquirir infecções.

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Objectives: There are few studies in the literature correlating metabolic alterations with prognostic factors in breast cancer. The aims of this study were to evaluate serum levels of total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides and fasting glucose, weight, body mass index and blood pressure, and relate them to prognostic factors (stage, lymph node involvement, histological grade, estrogen and progesterone receptors, ki-67 and Her2/neu) in patients with breast cancer. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in Mastology Service of the Discipline of Gynecology and Obstetrics/Oncologycal Research Institute (IPON) of the Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM). We evaluated 100 patients with breast cancer treated at Mastology Clinic (surgical and/or clinical treatment). Serum levels of total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides and fasting glucose, weight, body mass index, blood pressure, staging, lymph node involvement,histological grade and immunohistochemical panel (estrogen and progesterone receptors, ki-67 and HER-2/neu) were recorded. Data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation, and the values were compared by using Student's t-test. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statisticallysignificant. Results: Histological grades 1 and 2 were significantly correlated with higher HDL serum levels (p=0.02). Higher levels of triglycerides were found more frequently in grade 3, and highest weight was related to Ki-67 positive, but only with a trend towards significance (p=0.07). Conclusion: HDL can be related to prognosis in breast cancer.

Objetivos: Há poucos estudos na literatura relacionando alterações metabólicas com fatores prognósticos em câncer de mama. Os objetivos desse estudo foram avaliar os níveis séricos de colesterol total, HDL, LDL, triglicérides e glicemia de jejum, peso, índice de massa corporal e pressão arterial, e relacioná-los com fatores prognósticos (estadiamento, envolvimento linfonodal, grau histológico, receptores de estrógeno e progesterona, ki-67 e Her2/neu) em pacientes com câncer de mama. Métodos: Um estudo retrospectivo foi realizado no Serviço de Mastologia da Disciplina de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia e Instituto de Pesquisa em Oncologia (IPON) da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM). Nós avaliamos 100 pacientes com câncer de mama tratadas no Serviço de Mastologia (tratamento clínico e/ou cirúrgico). Níveis séricos de colesterol total, HDL, LDL, triglicérides e glicemia de jejum, peso, índice de massa corporal, pressão arterial, estadiamento, envolvimento linfonodal, grau histológico e painel imuno-histoquímico (receptores de estrógeno e progesterona, ki-67 e Her2/neu) foram registrados. Dados foram expressos em média ± desvio padrão, e os valores foram comparados utilizando-se o test t de Student. Valores de p menores que 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados: Graus histológicos 1 e 2 foram relacionados significativamente com níveis séricos mais altos de HDL (p=0,02). Níveis mais elevados de triglicérides foram encontrados maisfrequentemente em tumores grau 3, e peso mais alto foi relacionado com positividade de Ki-67, mas apenas com tendência à significância (p=0,07). Conclusão: Níveis séricos de HDL podem estar relacionados ao prognóstico em neoplasia maligna de mama.

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Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most malignant lesion occurring in the head and neck. The Rho-kinases (ROCKs), effectors of Rho proteins, are involved in actin cytoskeletal organization, cell migration, and maintenance cortex. The HA-1077 inhibits the ROCKs. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of treatment with HA-1077 on cell motility in SCC-4 cells, a cell line originating from human OSCC. F-actin of SCC-4 cells treated or not with HA-1077 (1, 50 and 100 µmol/l), and also HA-1077 50 µmol/l and/or inhibitors Y-27632 30 µmol/l was stained with rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin and analyzed by confocal microscopy. Approximately 1×10 cells/well, control and treated with HA-1077 (25, 50, and 100 µmol/l) were added to the migration plate assay. In addition, 1×10 cells/well, control and treated with HA-1077 50 µmol/l, were tested by invasion assays (plate coated with Matrigel). The inhibition of ROCKs with HA-1077 and/or Y-27632 leads to morphological changes, affecting the organization of the actin. The inhibitory effect of HA-1077 (P<0.0001) was dose dependent as the number of cells migrated at 100 µmol/l was statistically different: 25 µmol/l (P<0.0001) and 50 µmol/l (P<0.01). The number of cells treated with HA-1077 50 µmol/l decreased compared with control cells that invaded through Matrigel (P<0.0001). This study shows an inhibitory effect of HA-1077 on cell migration and invasion, suggesting that the use of HA-1077 can be a potential therapy for OSCC.

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AIM: To verify if patients with cervical neoplasia produce mediators that reduce leukocyte function. METHODS: Control neutrophils incubated with normal serum or serum from pre-invasive or invasive neoplasia patients were assayed for chemotaxis. Mediators were assayed in serum and in leukocyte supernatants. Experiments were also performed in random patients after surgery. RESULTS: Neutrophils incubated with patient sera, but not normal sera, failed to migrate towards the chemoattractants. In invasive neoplasia compared to controls, IL-6 and IL-8, and IL-10 and TNF-α were elevated in serum and in neutrophil supernatants, respectively. Nitrite levels were elevated in mononuclear cell supernatants from patients than controls. After surgery, serum cytokine levels were reduced, mainly in pre-invasive patients. Neutrophils treated with serum from pre-invasive patients undergone surgery had restored migration. CONCLUSION: Patients with cervical neoplasia produce mediators, predominantly induced by tumor cells, able to impair the inflammatory response at very early stages of disease.

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The aim of this paper was to evaluate the parameters of blood count and tumor markers in borderline ovarian tumors. We evaluated 21 patients who had confirmed histopathologic diagnosis of borderline ovarian tumor. We recorded age, parity, tumor type, stage of cancer, serum levels of tumor markers (CA-125, CA-15.3, CA-19.9, CEA, AFP), and the parameters of blood count, fasting glucose, disease-free survival and overall. The patients were divided into two groups, stage IA (n = 13) and stage IB-IIIC (n = 8). The unpaired t-test and Fisher's exact test were used, with P values of less than 0.05 being considered to indicate statistical significance. Levels of red blood cells, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were significantly higher in stage IA when compared with stage IB-IIIC (P < 0.05). The levels of tumor marker CEA had a tendency to be higher in the group stage IB-IIIC (0.08). Abnormal levels of CEA and CA-19.9 were found more frequently in stages IB-IIIC. Therefore, parameters of blood count, CEA, and CA-19.9 should be targeted for further research in identifying prognostic factors in borderline tumors.

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AIMS AND BACKGROUND: Our aim was to evaluate the effect of treatment on the in vitro migration of circulating mononuclear cells in cervical cancer patients at different stages. METHODS: We prospectively investigated 24 patients with cervical neoplasia, without prior treatment, submitted to surgery or chemotherapy as therapeutic conduct. Controls were healthy volunteer women (n = 23). Mononuclear cells were isolated from peripheral venous blood before and after treatment, and their migration capacity was evaluated in a microchemotaxis chamber assay towards the chemotactic stimuli fMLP, MCP-1 and RANTES, compared to basal migration. Serum levels of nitric oxide metabolites were assayed by the Griess reaction. RESULTS: Increased mononuclear cell migration in response to the chemotactic stimuli, compared to basal migration, was observed in controls and patients, without differences between them. After treatment (n = 14), mononuclear cell migration in response to MCP-1 and RANTES was increased compared to pre-treatment. Serum levels of nitric oxide metabolites were more elevated in patients (n = 19) than in controls (n = 17), but decreased after treatment (n = 15). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the production of soluble circulating factors by tumor cells could interfere with the functional activity of blood mononuclear cells.

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To determine parameters associated with the evolution of sepsis, a five-year retrospective study was conducted in a university hospital. One hundred and four consecutive sepsis patients were evaluated, of whom 55.8% were men. The mortality was 68.3% and was associated with older age (p<0.05). Chronic comorbidities and infection site were not associated with prognosis. Gram-positive bacteria were more frequently identified in survivors (p<0.05), while non-detection of the germ was associated with mortality (p<0.01). Appropriate use of antibiotics (germ sensitive to at least one drug administered) was associated with survival (p<0.0001) while inappropriate use (p<0.05) or empirical use (p<0.01) were more frequent in nonsurvivors. Leukocytosis was the main abnormality (54.8%) detected on diagnosis, from the leukocyte count. During the evolution, normal leukocyte count was associated with survival (p<0.01) and leukocytosis with mortality (p<0.05). In conclusion, mortality was associated with nondetection of the pathogen, leukocytosis during the evolution of the sepsis and inappropriate or empirical use of antimicrobials. Evidence-based treatment that is directed towards modifiable risk factors might improve the prognosis for sepsis patients.

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To determine parameters associated with the evolution of sepsis, a five-year retrospective study was conducted in a university hospital. One hundred and four consecutive sepsis patients were evaluated, of whom 55.8 percent were men. The mortality was 68.3 percent and was associated with older age (p<0.05). Chronic comorbidities and infection site were not associated with prognosis. Gram-positive bacteria were more frequently identified in survivors (p<0.05), while non-detection of the germ was associated with mortality (p<0.01). Appropriate use of antibiotics (germ sensitive to at least one drug administered) was associated with survival (p<0.0001) while inappropriate use (p<0.05) or empirical use (p<0.01) were more frequent in nonsurvivors. Leukocytosis was the main abnormality (54.8 percent) detected on diagnosis, from the leukocyte count. During the evolution, normal leukocyte count was associated with survival (p<0.01) and leukocytosis with mortality (p<0.05). In conclusion, mortality was associated with nondetection of the pathogen, leukocytosis during the evolution of the sepsis and inappropriate or empirical use of antimicrobials. Evidence-based treatment that is directed towards modifiable risk factors might improve the prognosis for sepsis patients.

Para determinar parâmetros associados à evolução da sepse, foi realizado estudo retrospectivo de 5 anos em um hospital universitário. Foram avaliados 104 pacientes consecutivos com sepse, sendo 55,8 por cento homens. A mortalidade foi de 68,3 por cento, associada à idade elevada (p<0,05). Doenças crônicas associadas e sítio de infecção não relacionados ao prognóstico. Identificação de bactérias gram-positivos foi mais frequente em sobreviventes (p<0,05) e não detecção do germe foi associada à mortalidade (p<0,01). O uso apropriado de antibióticos (germe sensível a pelo menos uma droga administrada) foi associado à sobrevida (p<0,0001) enquanto uso inapropriado (p<0,05) ou empírico (p<0,01) foi mais freqüente em não sobreviventes. No diagnóstico, leucocitose foi a principal (54,8 por cento) alteração no leucograma. Na evolução, leucograma normal foi associado à sobrevida (p<0,01) e leucocitose à mortalidade (p<0,05). Em conclusão, a mortalidade foi associada à ausência de detecção do germe, leucocitose na evolução da sepse e uso inapropriado ou empírico de antibióticos. O tratamento baseado em evidências e direcionado para fatores de risco que podem ser modificados deve melhorar o prognóstico do paciente com sepse.

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Tumor sections from nonneoplastic (n = 15), benign (n = 28), and malignant ovarian tumors (n = 20) were obtained from 63 women. Immunohistochemistry of the tumor sections demonstrated that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression was increased in ovarian cancer samples compared to nonneoplastic or benign tumor samples. Using the Griess method, nitric oxide (NO) metabolite levels were also found to be elevated in malignant tumor samples compared to benign tumor samples (P < .05). For stage I ovarian cancer, intracystic NO levels >80 microM were more frequent than NO levels <80 microM, and iNOS expression in well-differentiated carcinomas was greater than in moderately/poorly differentiated carcinomas (P < .05). These data suggest an important role for NO in ovarian carcinogenesis.

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PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of different conditions used during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery on accompanying production of cytokine and nitric oxide (NO). METHODS: Patients undergoing CPB for the first time were prospectively enrolled and divided into two groups according to CPB parameters performed: i) normothermia (36.5-37°C) with blood cardioplegia (NB group, n=10) and ii) hypothermia (29-31°C) with crystalloid cardioplegia (HC group, n=10). Plasma samples obtained following intubation (baseline), during (5 and 30 min) and after (4 and 24 h) CPB were assayed for cytokines (ELISA) and NO metabolites (Griess reaction). RESULTS: Peak concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 were reached at 4 h post CPB in both groups, but in the HC group those levels increased earlier and persisted for longer (24 h) compared to baseline (P < 0.05). IL-10 levels also increased at 4 h compared to baseline, but only significantly so in the HC group. NO metabolites were reduced in HC group at all time points compared to baseline (P < 0.05), while no significant differences were detected in the NB group. CONCLUSION: The association between increased systemic levels of cytokines and reduced NO production in the HC group suggests that different myocardial protection and/or perfusion temperature used during CPB may contribute to the extent of inflammatory response.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a hipótese de que diferentes procedimentos durante o bypass cardiopulmonary (BCP) causa diferentes níveis de citocinas (IL) e óxido nítrico (NO). MÉTODOS: Pacientes submetidas a BCP foram prospectivamente estudadas de acordo com bypass realizado sobre normotermia (36.5-37°C) com cardioplegia sanguínea (NB group, n=10) or hipotermia (29-31°C) com cardioplegia cristalóide (HC group, n=10). Amostras de Plasma foram obtidas após a intubação (linha de base), durante (5, 30 min) e após (4, 24 h) o BCP. Os ensaios foram realizados através de ELISA (IL) e metabólitos do NO (reação de Griess). RESULTADOS: Os picos de concentrações de IL-6 and IL-8 estavam aumentados em 4 h pós BCP em ambos os grupos, mas no grupo HC estes níveis aumentaram precocemente e persistiram aumentadas por 24 h, comparado a linha de base (P<0.05). O nível de IL-10 também teve o pico em 4 h, mas estatisticamente significante somente no grupo HC, comparado a linha de base. Os metabólitos do NO estavam reduzidos no grupo HC, em todo o tempo, comparado a linha de base (P<0.05), enquanto nenhuma diferença estatisticamente significante foi detectada no grupo NB. CONCLUSÃO: A associação entre o aumento sistêmico dos níveis de citocina e a redução da produção de NO no grupo HC sugere que o tipo de proteção miocárdica e/ou temperatura de perfusão no BCP pode ser um fator determinante na extensão da resposta inflamatória.

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PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of different conditions used during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery on accompanying production of cytokine and nitric oxide (NO). METHODS: Patients undergoing CPB for the first time were prospectively enrolled and divided into two groups according to CPB parameters performed: i) normothermia (36.5-37 degrees C) with blood cardioplegia (NB group, n=10) and ii) hypothermia (29-31 degrees C) with crystalloid cardioplegia (HC group, n=10). Plasma samples obtained following intubation (baseline), during (5 and 30 min) and after (4 and 24 h) CPB were assayed for cytokines (ELISA) and NO metabolites (Griess reaction). RESULTS: Peak concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 were reached at 4 h post CPB in both groups, but in the HC group those levels increased earlier and persisted for longer (24 h) compared to baseline (P < 0.05). IL-10 levels also increased at 4 h compared to baseline, but only significantly so in the HC group. NO metabolites were reduced in HC group at all time points compared to baseline (P < 0.05), while no significant differences were detected in the NB group. CONCLUSION: The association between increased systemic levels of cytokines and reduced NO production in the HC group suggests that different myocardial protection and/or perfusion temperature used during CPB may contribute to the extent of inflammatory response.

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Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response commonly caused by bacterial infection. We demonstrated that the outcome of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) correlates with the severity of the neutrophil migration failure towards infectious focus. Failure appears to be due to a decrease in the rolling and adhesion of neutrophil to endothelium cells. It seems that neutrophil migration impairment is mediated by the circulating inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha and IL-8, which induce the nitric oxide (NO) production systemically. It is supported by the fact that intravenous administration of these cytokines reduces the neutrophil migration induced by different inflammatory stimuli, and in severe sepsis the circulating concentrations of the cytokines and chemokines are significantly increased. Moreover, the neutrophil migration failure and the reduction in the rolling/adhesion were not observed in iNOS-/- mice and, aminoguanidine prevented this event. We also demonstrated that the failure of neutrophil migration is a Toll-4 receptor (TLR4) dependent mechanism, since it was not observed in TLR4 deficient mice. Furthermore, it was also observed that circulating neutrophils obtained from septic patients present failure of neutrophil chemotaxis toward fMLP, IL-8, and LTB4 and an increased in sera concentrations of NO3 and cytokines. In conclusion, we demonstrated that, in sepsis, failure of neutrophil migration is critical for the outcome and that NO is involved in the process.

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Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response commonly caused by bacterial infection. We demonstrated that the outcome of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) correlates with the severity of the neutrophil migration failure towards infectious focus. Failure appears to be due to a decrease in the rolling and adhesion of neutrophil to endothelium cells. It seems that neutrophil migration impairment is mediated by the circulating inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha and IL-8, which induce the nitric oxide (NO) production systemically. It is supported by the fact that intravenous administration of these cytokines reduces the neutrophil migration induced by different inflammatory stimuli, and in severe sepsis the circulating concentrations of the cytokines and chemokines are significantly increased. Moreover, the neutrophil migration failure and the reduction in the rolling/adhesion were not observed in iNOS-/- mice and, aminoguanidine prevented this event. We also demonstrated that the failure of neutrophil migration is a Toll-4 receptor (TLR4) dependent mechanism, since it was not observed in TLR4 deficient mice. Furthermore, it was also observed that circulating neutrophils obtained from septic patients present failure of neutrophil chemotaxis toward fMLP, IL-8, and LTB4 and an increased in sera concentrations of NO3 and cytokines. In conclusion, we demonstrated that, in sepsis, failure of neutrophil migration is critical for the outcome and that NO is involved in the process.

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