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BACKGROUND: The aim was to evaluate the frequency, clinicopathological features, and HPV status of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OP-SCC) and benign HPV-related epithelial lesions of the oropharynx over the last 25 years. Moreover, a literature review was performed to investigate HPV frequency in OP-SCC samples diagnosed in Brazilian Centers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study analyzed OP-SCC, squamous papilloma, verruca vulgaris, and condyloma accuminatum, diagnosed from 1997 to 2021. HPV status of OP-SCC was determined by immunohistochemistry and "in situ" hybridization. Bivariate statistics were performed (p≤0.05). For the literature review, MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Scopus were searched. Two independent reviewers assessed the studies for eligibility. RESULTS: Cross-sectional: 211 OP-SCC (63.0%) and 124 benign lesions (37.0%) were included. OP-SCC frequency increased gradually over time, whereas benign lesions had steady trends. OP-SCC affected more males (n= 171; 81.0%), though the relative frequency in females rose over time. Smoking (n= 127; 60.2%) was common in OP-SCC. Nineteen OP-SCC (13.0%) were positive for HPV. HPV-positive and HPV-negative tumors had similar clinicopathological features (p>0.05). Benign lesions predominated in middle-aged (n= 32; 26.7%) women (n= 71; 57.3%), in the soft palate (n=101; 81.5%). LITERATURE REVIEW: 32 studies were included, and in 60% of them, HPV frequency in OP-SCC was less than 25%. CONCLUSIONS: OP-SCC prevalence has been increasing, and it was mostly associated with smoking and alcohol rather than with HPV infection in Brazil. Benign lesions had a stationary frequency over the evaluated period.

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BACKGROUND: Amyloidosis is a disease characterized by the progressive deposition of abnormal proteins that can occur in any organ. In the oral cavity, the tongue is the most common affected site, usually causing macroglossia. Biopsy is essential for the diagnosis and the occurrence of its systemic form is mandatory to be investigated. This systematic review evaluated the existing information in the literature on Amyloidosis in the oral cavity to allow a more comprehensive and updated analysis of its clinicopathological characteristics, as well as to explore the main forms of treatment and prognostic factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Electronic searches were undertaken in five databases supplemented by manual scrutiny. RESULTS: A total of 111 studies were included with 158 individuals. CONCLUSIONS: The disease had a higher prevalence in women, the tongue was the most affected site, as well as the systemic form of the disease. The worst prognosis was for cases of systemic amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma.

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The brachiocephalic trunk and the left subclavian artery originate from the aortic arch, and both supply blood to the head, neck, and thoracic limbs. Anatomical variations, such as an aberrant right subclavian artery, are congenital conditions rarely observed in dogs, Thus, the objective of the present report was to describe a case of aberrant right subclavian artery in a 9-year-old Dalmatian. However, this anomaly was a finding in which the patient was asymptomatic during its 9 years of life and only at this age did he exhibit signs including sialorrhea, vomiting, hyporexia, and noisy deglutition. Blood count, biochemical profile, and thoracic radiography led to a diagnosis of megaesophagus and aspiration pneumonia. Despite the recommended treatment, the patient did not respond well; as such, the owner elected to euthanize the animal. On necropsy, the right subclavian artery originated directly from the aortic arch, followed a route from left to right dorsally to the esophagus, and then formed an impression of the vascular path over the muscular wall of the esophagus. The esophagus, in turn, exhibited a flaccid wall and dilation in the caudal portion to the vascular path made by the ectopic position of the right subclavian artery.(AU)

O tronco braquiocefálico e a artéria subclávia esquerda emergem do arco aórtico e são responsáveis por fazerem o suprimento sanguíneo para cabeça, pescoço e membros torácicos. Variações anatômicas, como a ectopia da artéria subclávia direita, são alterações congênitas raramente encontradas em cães, cujas alterações do sistema digestivo acontecem em pacientes recém-desmamados e não em adultos. Assim, o objetivo deste relato é descrever um caso de ectopia da artéria subclávia direita em uma cadela, Dálmata, de nove anos de idade. No entanto, essa anomalia foi um achado do qual o paciente foi assintomático durante os nove anos de vida e somente com essa idade apresentou sinais como sialorreia, vômito, hiporexia e deglutição ruidosa. O hemograma e os perfis bioquímicos, associados à radiografia torácica, levaram a um diagnóstico de megaesôfago e pneumonia aspirativa. Mesmo seguindo o tratamento recomendado, houve piora clínica do quadro e o animal foi submetido à eutanásia. À macroscopia, a artéria subclávia direita originava-se direto do arco aórtico, fazia um percurso da esquerda para a direita dorsalmente ao esôfago e, então, formava uma impressão do trajeto vascular sobre a parede muscular do esôfago. O esôfago, por sua vez, apresentava parede flácida e dilatação na porção caudal ao trajeto vascular feito pela posição ectópica da artéria subclávia direita.(AU)

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Reinforcement omission effects (ROEs) are characterized by higher response rates after reinforcement omission than after reinforcement delivery. This pattern of behavior is interpreted in terms of motivational and attentional processes. Recent studies from our laboratory have shown that the amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and medial prefrontal cortex are involved in ROE modulation. Also, the literature has demonstrated a role of other areas such as substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in processes related to surprising events, such as prediction error and presentation or omission of an event (exteroceptive stimulus and reinforcement). Since these structures send projections to areas related to ROE modulation such as the amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex, the objective of the present study was to determine whether the SNc and VTA also integrate the circuit involved in ROE modulation. Rats were trained on a fixed-interval 12 s with limited-hold 6 s signaled schedule of reinforcement (Pre-lesion training). After acquisition of stable performance, the rats received bilateral neurotoxic lesions of the SNc (Experiment 1) and VTA (Experiment 2). Following postoperative recovery, the rats were submitted to two refresher sessions (Post-lesion training). Subsequently, the training was changed from a 100 to a 50% schedule of reinforcement (Post-lesion testing). In both experiments, the results showed that there was no difference in performance between sham rats and rats with bilateral lesions of the SNc or the VTA.

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Reinforcement omission effects (ROEs) are characterized by higher response rates after reinforcement omission than after reinforcement delivery. This pattern of behavior is interpreted in terms of motivational and attentional processes. Recent studies from our laboratory have shown that the amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and medial prefrontal cortex are involved in ROE modulation. Also, the literature has demonstrated a role of other areas such as substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in processes related to surprising events, such as prediction error and presentation or omission of an event (exteroceptive stimulus and reinforcement). Since these structures send projections to areas related to ROE modulation such as the amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex, the objective of the present study was to determine whether the SNc and VTA also integrate the circuit involved in ROE modulation. Rats were trained on a fixed-interval 12 s with limited-hold 6 s signaled schedule of reinforcement (Pre-lesion training). After acquisition of stable performance, the rats received bilateral neurotoxic lesions of the SNc (Experiment 1) and VTA (Experiment 2). Following postoperative recovery, the rats were submitted to two refresher sessions (Post-lesion training). Subsequently, the training was changed from a 100 to a 50% schedule of reinforcement (Post-lesion testing). In both experiments, the results showed that there was no difference in performance between sham rats and rats with bilateral lesions of the SNc or the VTA.

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Na cirurgia de ovariossalpingo-histerectomia (OSH), há várias técnicas para realização da hemostasia e da secção do pedículo ovariano, sendo mais comum a técnica das três pinças. O eletrobisturi bipolar pode ser utilizado com eficácia para hemostasia e corte de tecidos. Objetivou-se nesta pesquisa comparar, em gatas, a hemostasia e a secção do pedículo ovariano mediante o uso do eletrobisturi bipolar com a técnica das três pinças, ambas via celiotomia mediana, em relação ao tempo cirúrgico e à eficiência hemostática (hematócrito). Quarenta gatas, com idade de seis meses a sete anos, peso entre 1,68 e 4,14kg, foram submetidas à hemostasia e à secção desse pedículo, sendo 20 pela técnica convencional e 20 por meio do eletrobisturi bipolar. Na análise estatística, observou-se que o uso do eletrobisturi bipolar gera uma diminuição média significativa na duração da cirurgia, quando comparado com o outro método, sem diferenças quanto à comparação de hematócritos pré e pós-cirúrgicos. Por meio do modelo de regressão múltiplo, verificou-se que as variáveis: idade, peso, número de gestações, número de partos e número de cios não influenciaram significativamente no tempo. Concluiu-se, portanto, que o eletrobisturi bipolar oferece eficiência e maior rapidez na realização da hemostasia e da diérese do pedículo ovariano de gatas submetidas à OSH eletiva...

In ovariosalpingohisterectomy (OSH) surgery, there are several techniques for hemostasis and resection of ovarian pedicle, the most common being the three tweezers technique. The bipolar eletrobisturi can be used effectively for hemostasis and cutting tissue. The aim of this research was to compare, in cats, hemostasis and resection of ovarian pedicle eletrobisturi with bipolar forceps and the three techniques, both via median celiotomy, in relation to time and surgical hemostatic efficiency (hematocrit). Forty cats aged six months to seven years, weighing between 1.68 and 4.14kg, underwent hemostasis and pedicle of this section, 20 with the conventional technique and 20 with eletrobisturi bipolar. Statistical analysis showed that the use of bipolar eletrobisturi generates a significant decrease in the mean duration of surgery when compared with a method without differences in hematocrit comparing pre-and post-surgery. Through the multiple regression model we found that the variables age, weight, number of pregnancies, number of births and number of cycles did not significantly influence the time. We conclude, therefore, that the bipolar eletrobisturi is efficient and fast for hemostasis and dieresis ovarian pedicle of cats undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy...

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Na cirurgia de ovariossalpingo-histerectomia (OSH), há várias técnicas para realização da hemostasia e da secção do pedículo ovariano, sendo mais comum a técnica das três pinças. O eletrobisturi bipolar pode ser utilizado com eficácia para hemostasia e corte de tecidos. Objetivou-se nesta pesquisa comparar, em gatas, a hemostasia e a secção do pedículo ovariano mediante o uso do eletrobisturi bipolar com a técnica das três pinças, ambas via celiotomia mediana, em relação ao tempo cirúrgico e à eficiência hemostática (hematócrito). Quarenta gatas, com idade de seis meses a sete anos, peso entre 1,68 e 4,14kg, foram submetidas à hemostasia e à secção desse pedículo, sendo 20 pela técnica convencional e 20 por meio do eletrobisturi bipolar. Na análise estatística, observou-se que o uso do eletrobisturi bipolar gera uma diminuição média significativa na duração da cirurgia, quando comparado com o outro método, sem diferenças quanto à comparação de hematócritos pré e pós-cirúrgicos. Por meio do modelo de regressão múltiplo, verificou-se que as variáveis: idade, peso, número de gestações, número de partos e número de cios não influenciaram significativamente no tempo. Concluiu-se, portanto, que o eletrobisturi bipolar oferece eficiência e maior rapidez na realização da hemostasia e da diérese do pedículo ovariano de gatas submetidas à OSH eletiva.(AU)

In ovariosalpingohisterectomy (OSH) surgery, there are several techniques for hemostasis and resection of ovarian pedicle, the most common being the three tweezers technique. The bipolar eletrobisturi can be used effectively for hemostasis and cutting tissue. The aim of this research was to compare, in cats, hemostasis and resection of ovarian pedicle eletrobisturi with bipolar forceps and the three techniques, both via median celiotomy, in relation to time and surgical hemostatic efficiency (hematocrit). Forty cats aged six months to seven years, weighing between 1.68 and 4.14kg, underwent hemostasis and pedicle of this section, 20 with the conventional technique and 20 with eletrobisturi bipolar. Statistical analysis showed that the use of bipolar eletrobisturi generates a significant decrease in the mean duration of surgery when compared with a method without differences in hematocrit comparing pre-and post-surgery. Through the multiple regression model we found that the variables age, weight, number of pregnancies, number of births and number of cycles did not significantly influence the time. We conclude, therefore, that the bipolar eletrobisturi is efficient and fast for hemostasis and dieresis ovarian pedicle of cats undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy.(AU)

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A IgY é assim classificada porque os anticorpos maternos são transferidos do soro sanguíneo para a gema do ovo, desta forma, para adquirir anticorpos reativos para determinado tipo de antígeno, o sacrifício de animais seria evitado, uma vez que os mesmos podem ser extraídos da gema em grande quantidade, o que não ocorre na utilização de mamíferos. Objetiva-se avaliar a reatividade de imunoglobulinas Y de galinhas imunizadas com vacina B19 através produção de anticorpos policlonais específicos, detectáveis em testes oficiais para brucelose, tais como, Antígeno Acidificado Tamponado (AAT) e 2-Mercaptoetanol (2-ME), e no ELISA indireto. Foram utilizadas quatro galinhas, divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos experimentais, sendo um grupo controle (Grupo 1) e um grupo imunizado com vacina B19 de Brucela abortus (Grupo 2). No Grupo 1 as galinhas foram imunizadas com 250 µL de PBS, e no Grupo 2 com 250 µL da Vacina B19 diluída em PBS, ambos adicionados de adjuvante. Os dois grupos foram imunizados seis vezes durante 13 semanas, quinzenalmente. Para avaliar a produção e reatividade da IgY foram realizadas sete coletas de sangue quinzenais, sendo a primeira, uma semana antes da primeira imunização e as demais uma semana após cada imunização; e coletas diárias de ovos a partir de uma semana antes da primeira imunização, sendo estes separados por grupo e por semana. A IgY proveniente da gema do ovo foi purificada a partir de um pool semanal gema de ovos de cada grupo, utilizando-se os métodos de delipidação através da diluição em água ácida e a precipitação com sulfato de amônio. As galinhas do Grupo 1, não foram reagentes aos testes, enquanto do Grupo 2 produziram anticorpos reativos a este antígeno detectáveis em todos os testes realizados para o diagnóstico de brucelose bovina. Conclui-se que as galinhas produziram anticorpos IgY reagentes nos testes sorológicos realizados, sendo a imunoglobulina Y um potencial antígeno para produção de anticorpos específicos, a fim de serem utilizados em testes diagnósticos.

The IgY is classified as such because maternal antibodies are transferred from the serum to the egg yolk. Thereby to acquire antibodies reactive to a particular type of antigen, animal killing could be avoided since the antibodies can now be extracted from the yolk in large quantity, something that does not occur with mammals. This study aims to evaluate the reactivity of immunoglobulin Y of chickens immunized with B19 through the production of specific polyclonal antibodies, detectable in official tests for brucellosis such as Buffered Acidified Antigen (AAT) and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), and ELISA. Four hens were randomly divided into two experimental groups, one of which the control group (Group 1) and the second, a group immunized with Brucella abortus B19 vaccine (Group 2). The chickens of Group 1 were immunized with 250 μL of PBS while in Group 2 with 250 μL of B19 vaccine diluted in PBS; adjuvant was added in both. The two groups were immunized six times during 13 weeks, fortnightly. To evaluate the production and reactivity of IgY seven blood samples were collected biweekly, the first, a week before the first immunization and the others a week after each immunization; and eggs were harvested daily starting from a week before the first immunization, and separated by group per week. The IgY from the egg yolk was purged from an egg yolk pool of each group prepared weekly, using the delipidation by dilution with water and acid precipitation with ammonium sulfate method. The chickens of Group 1 were not reactive to the tests, whereas the chickens in Group 2 produced antibodies reactive to this antigen detectable in all brucellosis diagnosis tests. It is concluded that the chickens produced IgY antibody reagents in serological tests performed, and the immunoglobulin Y is a potential antigen for production of specific antibodies that can be used in diagnostic tests.

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A IgY  é assim classificada porque os anticorpos maternos são transferidos do soro sanguíneo para a gema do ovo, desta forma, para adquirir anticorpos reativos para determinado tipo de antígeno, o sacrifício de animais seria evitado, uma vez que os mesmos podem ser extraídos da gema em grande quantidade, o que não ocorre na utilização de mamíferos. Objetiva-se avaliar a reatividade de imunoglobulinas Y de galinhas imunizadas com vacina B19 através produção de anticorpos policlonais específicos, detectáveis em testes oficiais para brucelose, tais como, Antígeno Acidificado Tamponado (AAT) e 2-Mercaptoetanol (2-ME), e no ELISA indireto. Foram utilizadas quatro galinhas, divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos experimentais, sendo um grupo controle (Grupo 1) e um grupo imunizado com vacina B19 de Brucela abortus (Grupo 2). No Grupo 1 as galinhas foram imunizadas com 250 µL de PBS, e no Grupo 2 com 250 µL da Vacina B19 diluída em PBS, ambos adicionados de adjuvante. Os dois grupos foram imunizados seis vezes durante 13 semanas, quinzenalmente. Para avaliar a produção e reatividade da IgY foram realizadas sete coletas de sangue quinzenais, sendo a p

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Amostras de soro de sete veados-campeiros (Ozotoceros bezoarticus), todos de vida livre, provenientes do acervo sorológico do Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Animais Silvestres (LAPAS) da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), foram submetidas ao teste de Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM). O teste foi realizado no Laboratório de Doenças Infectocontagiosas da UFU, utilizando-se como antígenos os sorovares Australis, Autumnalis, Bataviae, Brastilava, Canicola, Copenhageni, Grippotyphosa, Hardjo, Hebdomadis, Icterohaemorrahagiae, Pomona, Pyrogenes, Tarassovi e Wolffi. Apenas uma amostra foi positiva e reagiu ao sorovar Copenhageni (Titulação 100). Mathias, Girio e Duarte (1999) relataram a ocorrência de O. benzoarticus positivos aos sorovares Hardjo, Wolffi e Mini, diferindo daqueles encontrados neste estudo. Girio e colaboradores (2004) descreveram quatro de 41 animais dessa espécie reagentes na SAM, aos sorovares Wolffi, Mini e Hardjo. De maneira geral, as porcentagens de Ozotoceros bezoarticus positivos para detecção de anticorpos antilepstospiras encontradas na literatura são baixas, fato que pode ser explicado pelos hábitos dessa espécie. Segundo Rodrigues (1996), esses s&

RESUMEN

A IgY é assim classificada porque os anticorpos maternos são transferidos do soro sanguíneo para a gema do ovo, desta forma, para adquirir anticorpos reativos para determinado tipo de antígeno, o sacrifício de animais seria evitado, uma vez que os mesmos podem ser extraídos da gema em grande quantidade, o que não ocorre na utilização de mamíferos. Objetiva-se avaliar a reatividade de imunoglobulinas Y de galinhas imunizadas com vacina B19 através produção de anticorpos policlonais específicos, detectáveis em testes oficiais para brucelose, tais como, Antígeno Acidificado Tamponado (AAT) e 2-Mercaptoetanol (2-ME), e no ELISA indireto. Foram utilizadas quatro galinhas, divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos experimentais, sendo um grupo controle (Grupo 1) e um grupo imunizado com vacina B19 de Brucela abortus (Grupo 2). No Grupo 1 as galinhas foram imunizadas com 250 µL de PBS, e no Grupo 2 com 250 µL da Vacina B19 diluída em PBS, ambos adicionados de adjuvante. Os dois grupos foram imunizados seis vezes durante 13 semanas, quinzenalmente. Para avaliar a produção e reatividade da IgY foram realizadas sete coletas de sangue quinzenais, sendo a primeira, uma semana antes da primeira imunização e as demais uma semana após cada imunização; e coletas diárias de ovos a partir de uma semana antes da primeira imunização, sendo estes separados por grupo e por semana. A IgY proveniente da gema do ovo foi purificada a partir de um pool semanal gema de ovos de cada grupo, utilizando-se os métodos de delipidação através da diluição em água ácida e a precipitação com sulfato de amônio. As galinhas do Grupo 1, não foram reagentes aos testes, enquanto do Grupo 2 produziram anticorpos reativos a este antígeno detectáveis em todos os testes realizados para o diagnóstico de brucelose bovina. Conclui-se que as galinhas produziram anticorpos IgY reagentes nos testes sorológicos realizados, sendo a imunoglobulina Y um potencial antígeno para produção de anticorpos específicos, a fim de serem utilizados em testes diagnósticos.(AU)

The IgY is classified as such because maternal antibodies are transferred from the serum to the egg yolk. Thereby to acquire antibodies reactive to a particular type of antigen, animal killing could be avoided since the antibodies can now be extracted from the yolk in large quantity, something that does not occur with mammals. This study aims to evaluate the reactivity of immunoglobulin Y of chickens immunized with B19 through the production of specific polyclonal antibodies, detectable in official tests for brucellosis such as Buffered Acidified Antigen (AAT) and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), and ELISA. Four hens were randomly divided into two experimental groups, one of which the control group (Group 1) and the second, a group immunized with Brucella abortus B19 vaccine (Group 2). The chickens of Group 1 were immunized with 250 μL of PBS while in Group 2 with 250 μL of B19 vaccine diluted in PBS; adjuvant was added in both. The two groups were immunized six times during 13 weeks, fortnightly. To evaluate the production and reactivity of IgY seven blood samples were collected biweekly, the first, a week before the first immunization and the others a week after each immunization; and eggs were harvested daily starting from a week before the first immunization, and separated by group per week. The IgY from the egg yolk was purged from an egg yolk pool of each group prepared weekly, using the delipidation by dilution with water and acid precipitation with ammonium sulfate method. The chickens of Group 1 were not reactive to the tests, whereas the chickens in Group 2 produced antibodies reactive to this antigen detectable in all brucellosis diagnosis tests. It is concluded that the chickens produced IgY antibody reagents in serological tests performed, and the immunoglobulin Y is a potential antigen for production of specific antibodies that can be used in diagnostic tests.(AU)

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A ocorrência do número de pessoas que são atingidas por Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos (DTA) vem aumentando mundialmente de modo significativo. Isso se deve ao aumento das populações; grupos populacionais vulneráveis ou mais expostos; o processo de urbanização desordenado; a necessidade de produção de alimentos em grande escala; uma alimentação destinada ao pronto consumo coletivo (restaurantes “Self-service”); o consumo de alimentos em vias públicas; e mudanças de hábitos alimentares que não beneficiam a saúde. O sistema APPCC (Análise de Perigo e Ponto Crítico de Controle) identifica as etapas e os pontos nos quais os perigos podem ser controlados baseando-se em princípios e conceitos preventivos protegendo os alimentos dos perigos biológicos, físicos e químicos. Além de analisar os perigos em potencial, o sistema APPCC e reduz custos de forma preventiva tratando basicamente da inocuidade do alimento a um nível aceitável. A garantia de uma boa qualidade do produto alimentício evita provocar doenças ou danos à saúde do

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A IgY  é assim classificada porque os anticorpos maternos são transferidos do soro sanguíneo para a gema do ovo, desta forma, para adquirir anticorpos reativos para determinado tipo de antígeno, o sacrifício de animais seria evitado, uma vez que os mesmos podem ser extraídos da gema em grande quantidade, o que não ocorre na utilização de mamíferos. Objetiva-se avaliar a reatividade de imunoglobulinas Y de galinhas imunizadas com vacina B19 através produção de anticorpos policlonais específicos, detectáveis em testes oficiais para brucelose, tais como, Antígeno Acidificado Tamponado (AAT) e 2-Mercaptoetanol (2-ME), e no ELISA indireto. Foram utilizadas quatro galinhas, divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos experimentais, sendo um grupo controle (Grupo 1) e um grupo imunizado com vacina B19 de Brucela abortus (Grupo 2). No Grupo 1 as galinhas foram imunizadas com 250 µL de PBS, e no Grupo 2 com 250 µL da Vacina B19 diluída em PBS, ambos adicionados de adjuvante. Os dois grupos foram imunizados seis vezes durante 13 semanas, quinzenalmente. Para avaliar a produção e reatividade da IgY foram realizadas sete coletas de sangue quinzenais, sendo a p

RESUMEN

Amostras de soro de sete veados-campeiros (Ozotoceros bezoarticus), todos de vida livre, provenientes do acervo sorológico do Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Animais Silvestres (LAPAS) da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), foram submetidas ao teste de Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM). O teste foi realizado no Laboratório de Doenças Infectocontagiosas da UFU, utilizando-se como antígenos os sorovares Australis, Autumnalis, Bataviae, Brastilava, Canicola, Copenhageni, Grippotyphosa, Hardjo, Hebdomadis, Icterohaemorrahagiae, Pomona, Pyrogenes, Tarassovi e Wolffi. Apenas uma amostra foi positiva e reagiu ao sorovar Copenhageni (Titulação 100). Mathias, Girio e Duarte (1999) relataram a ocorrência de O. benzoarticus positivos aos sorovares Hardjo, Wolffi e Mini, diferindo daqueles encontrados neste estudo. Girio e colaboradores (2004) descreveram quatro de 41 animais dessa espécie reagentes na SAM, aos sorovares Wolffi, Mini e Hardjo. De maneira geral, as porcentagens de Ozotoceros bezoarticus positivos para detecção de anticorpos antilepstospiras encontradas na literatura são baixas, fato que pode ser explicado pelos hábitos dessa espécie. Segundo Rodrigues (1996), esses s&

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A lectin from the red marine alga Hypnea musciformis (HML) was purified by extraction with 20 mM PBS, precipitation with 70% saturated ammonium sulphate, ion-exchange DEAE-Cellulose chromatography and RP-HPLC. The 9.3 kDa polypeptide agglutinates erythrocytes from various sources and shows oligomerization tendencies under certain MALDI-TOF/MS conditions. Preliminary N-terminal sequencing and biological assays strongly suggest that the HML may belong to a new class of algae lectins.

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A leprosy elimination campaign (LEC) was carried out in 15 endemic areas of Amazonas State, Brazil, in 1997. The LEC concentrated effort to detect leprosy cases during a multi-vaccination national campaign for serious public health problems other than leprosy, such as polio, diphtheria, hepatitis, measles, etc. The national campaign involved intensive population mobilization, giving a valuable opportunity to examine people for leprosy. The LEC personnel included 2964 individuals (municipal and state health workers and community volunteers), distributed in 688 health units and 53 reference health centres. As a result of the LEC, 74,814 person-to-person communications in the community were given; 10,297 clinical skin examinations were conducted, and 40 new leprosy cases were detected on the day of the campaign in urban areas of the municipalities. This total was low, compared to results in other states of Brazil, possibly due to the development of health education activities and regular community services in the state of Amazonas since 1987 and to the early implementation of WHO multiple drug therapy (MDT) from 1982 onwards. Despite the fact that the LEC was carried out only in the urban areas of the municipalities, the finding of no cases of leprosy in 7 out of 15 of them was surprising and may indicate that the prevalence of hidden cases of leprosy is not all that high, at least in these areas of the Amazonas State.

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A cross-sectional epidemiological study has investigated lead poisoning among all the 101 children aged 1 to 5 years, living at less then 500 m from a lead smelter which has been operating since 1960 in Santo Amaro da Purificação, State of Bahia, Brazil. Lead poisoning was evaluated by determining the concentrations of zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) in whole blood. Results were compared with those obtained from 98 children of the same age range, in a nursery from Salvador, capital of the State of Bahia. In Santo Amaro, ZPP geometric mean was 65.5 mg/dl (geometric S.D. = 1.7), much higher, therefore, than the normal threshold of 30 microg/dl recommended by the CDC-USA. A child was excluded from statistical analyses because of very high ZPP level: 789 mg/dl. In Salvador, ZPP geometric mean was 31.0 mg/dl (geometric SD = 1.6). "Extremely elevated" ZPP levels (above 156 mg/dl) were observed in 8% of the children from Santo Amaro and in none (0%) of the children from Salvador, this statistical difference being highly significant. Anaemia was present among 35.0% of the children from Santo Amaro and among 25.5% of those from Salvador. One year-old children showed the highest levels of ZPP and anaemia. No marked statistical association was found between ZPP levels and anaemia. Lead contamination of this children population remained in a permanently high level during, at least, the period from 1980 to 1992. In December, 1993 the lead smelter has definitively ceased its industrial activities in Santo Amaro da Purificação.

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A cross-sectional epidemiologic survey conducted at the beginning of 1992 evaluated the status of lead intoxication among children from 1 to 5 years of age living within 500 meters of a primary lead smelter in the Brazilian city of Santo Amaro, Bahia. A total of 103 children in this age group were initially enrolled in the study; however, 2 were later excluded because they could not be located, and 1 was excluded from the statistical analyses for reasons noted below. The results were compared with those from similar surveys made in 1980 and 1985 in the same area with children of the same age. A blood sample was obtained from each child, the child's hematocrit and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) level were determined, and an interview questionnaire was used to collect information of clinical or epidemiologic interest from the child's mother or guardian. The geometric average ZPP was 65.5 micrograms/100 mL (geometric standard deviation = 1.7), a level far exceeding the upper limit of normality established by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of 30 micrograms/100 mL. One child was excluded from the statistical analyses because it exhibited an extremely high ZPP level (789 micrograms/100 mL). Higher average ZPP levels were found for girls, children with darker-skinned racial backgrounds, children from homes where smelter slag was commonly used around the house, children presenting pica, and children of smelter workers. Of the symptoms of lead poisoning investigated, only nervousness and easy irritability exhibited high frequencies among the children studied. However, the prevalence of above-normal ZPP levels suggestive of lead poisoning was 92.2% in 1980, 98.4% in 1985, and 97.0% in 1992. Hence, the apparent prevalence of lead poisoning continued very high in 1992, indicating that the control measures adopted were ineffective or that other unidentified and uncontrolled risk factors were playing an important role. Overall, however, the proportion of children with very high ZPP levels fell sharply, and that of children with moderately high levels also declined notably, indicating that the severity of the problem had been reduced even though new cases of intoxication continued to occur. The Santo Amaro smelter closed its doors in December 1993.

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The dose-response relationship between erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP) and blood lead (PbB) was investigated among children with different subgroups of iron status. The data bank from Santo Amaro City, Brazil, was taken to study 490 children aged 1-9 years who lived at less than 900 m from a primary lead smelter. Mean PbB was 58.9 +/- 25.3 micrograms/dl and mean EP was 87.1 +/- 68.1 micrograms/dl. At PbB levels lower than 60 micrograms/dl, the dose-response curve for EP versus PbB followed the classical pattern; children with low iron status showing greater EP "response" than those with typical iron status and those with high iron status, after controlling for the effects of age and racial group. Among children with PbB > or = 60 micrograms/dl, EP response increased according to the following order: typical < low < high iron status.

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