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BACKGROUND: Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy has severe consequences on the new-born. The World Health Organization declared the Zika outbreak to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) in 2016. Health facilities in the regions most affected by Zika lacked the capacity to respond to the increased demand for contraception. The objectives were to explore healthcare users' perceptions regarding contraception, Zika prevention during pregnancy and post-abortion care (PAC) services in the context of a Zika outbreak in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, and to follow these services over time. METHODS: This study was part of a broader implementation research study. We used qualitative research consistent with grounded theory approach. Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were performed with women and their partners who used contraceptive services or received PAC services. Data were collected in two stages from December 2017 to July 2018. Themes explored included contraception, Zika and PAC services. RESULTS: Participants had positive attitude towards the use of contraceptive methods and demanded more information on safety, efficacy and on side effects. Health care services were inconsistent in the provision of information on Zika and contraception services. ZIKV vector transmission was known but fewer participants were aware of risk of sexual transmission of Zika. Barriers to access healthcare services included contraceptive and PAC services included distance to healthcare facilities, disorganized admission process, long waiting times and out-of-pocket expenditure to purchase medicines. Furthermore, poor quality, mistreatment and abuse of women seeking PAC was prevalent. Some positive changes were noted over time, such as improvements in infrastructure including improved privacy and cleanliness, removal of fees, requisite to bring clean water to hospital. CONCLUSIONS: Our results highlight the challenges and areas for improvement in policy and practice related to contraceptive services and PAC in the context of ZIKV infection. Public policies to prevent epidemics should focus more on providing proper sanitation; removing barriers to access and use of effective contraception as human rights priority. Zika epidemic has highlighted weaknesses in health systems that obstruct access to and use of sexual and reproductive health services. The study results call for increased efforts to improve access, especially for women of low socio-economic status and intervene at different levels to eradicate discrimination and improve equity in the provision of health care. Qualitative methods can capture the community perspectives and can provide useful information to develop interventions to improve services.

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Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto econômico da falta de suplementação multivitamínica de mulheres no período reprodutivo e suas consequências em recém-nascidos, por meio da estimativa do número de casos e dos custos implicados no tratamento de complicações decorrentes da falta de suplementação, sob a perspectiva do sistema público de saúde. Métodos: A população foi definida a partir do número de gestantes e nascidos vivos no Brasil, ajustado para o ano de 2019, e de pessoas que utilizam exclusivamente o SUS, considerando um crescimento linear. Por meio de revisão de literatura, os riscos de desenvolvimento de defeitos do fechamento do tubo neural, pré-eclâmpsia e anemia foram determinados. Para a estimativa dos custos diretos médicos, realizou-se um microcusteio com base na utilização de recursos determinados por condutas médicas estabelecidas e opiniões de especialistas. A ocorrência de eventos e os respectivos custos foram calculados multiplicando o número de indivíduos pelo risco de desenvolvimento das complicações e os custos individuais pela quantidade de eventos. Resultados: O custo total da falta de suplementação vitamínica foi estimado em 2,47 bilhões de reais. A falta de suplementação vitamínica seria capaz de gerar a ocorrência anual de 5.352, 796.283, 298.801 e até 345.628 casos de defeitos do fechamento do tubo neural, anemia, parto prematuro e pré-eclâmpsia, respectivamente. Conclusões: A ausência de suplementação vitamínica pode gerar um custo anual de até 2,47 bilhões de reais para o sistema público de saúde brasileiro, com ocorrência de pelo menos 796 mil casos de complicações decorrentes por ano

Objective: To evaluate the economic impact of the absence of vitamin supplementation in women at childbearing age and the consequences in the newborns by estimating the number of cases and costs involved in the treatment in perspective of the Brazilian public health system. Methods: The number of pregnant and live births in Brazil was considered, adjusted for 2019 considering a linear growth. Through literature review, the risk of development of neural tube defects, pre-eclampsia and anemia was determined. For the estimation of direct medical costs, a micro costing was performed based on the use of resources determined by established medical conduct and expert opinions. Events occurrence and their costs were calculated by multiplying the number of individuals by the risk of developing complications and individual costs by the number of events. Results: Total cost of vitamin supplementation absence in this group was estimated at 2.47 billion Brazilian real (BRL). The absence of vitamin supplementation would be able to generate annually 5,352, 796,283, 298,801, and up to 345,628 cases of neural tube closure defects, anemia, preterm delivery and preeclampsia, respectively. Conclusions: The lack of vitamin supplementation can generate an annual cost of 2,47 billion BRL for the Brazilian public health system with at least 796,000 cases of complications arising per year

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Em primeiro de agosto de 2016, considerando-se a relevância do Diabetes Mellitus Gestacional (DMG), tanto por sua prevalência como pelas consequências para o binômio materno-fetal em curto e em longo prazo, foi realizado, em São Paulo, um fórum de discussão sobre o tema, com o objetivo de definir uma proposta para o diagnóstico de DMG para o Brasil. Nesse contexto, participaram da reunião médicos especializados na assistência a mulheres com DMG: obstetras da Federação Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (Febrasgo), endocrinologistas da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes (SBD) e consultores da Organização Panamericana de Saúde (Opas/OMS Brasil) e assessores técnicos do Ministério da Saúde. Apresentamos neste documento os principais pontos debatidos visando à análise cuidadosa das possibilidades para diagnóstico de DMG, considerando-se as diferenças de acesso aos serviços de saúde existentes no Brasil.(AU)

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Zika is no longer high on the public health agenda. There is a lack of information about Zika infection transmission, prevention, and its effects in Brazil.

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One hundred and five consumers were interviewed through semi-structured questionnaires in order to characterize personal preferences towards purchase and consumption of fish at the street market of Porto Real do Colégio city, Alagoas state, Brazil. The majority of the interviewed were men, aging 48.8 years old in average. Poor education and low family income were common features. The preferred and most consumed meats, in this order, were bovine (47.62 and 45.71%), fish (25.71 and 26.67%) and chicken (18.10 and 24.76%). Consumers presented a high consumption of fishes, with a preference for freshwater species, in the following order: Colossoma macropomum, Prochilodus argenteus and Oreochromis niloticus (28.42; 28.42 and 24.21% of consumers). The purchase of live fish in the market is common and preferred practice, however, the price was considered high and ten Real (Reais) per kilo was considered a threshold for affordability to most consumers. Local market is heated by the high frequency of fish consumption, but momentarily only feasible for whole fishes, due the low income of the population and their feeding habits.

Para caracterizar a comercialização e consumo de peixes na feira livre da cidade de Porto Real do Colégio, Alagoas, foram entrevistados 105 consumidores, com o auxílio de questionários semiestruturados. Do total de entrevistados, 62,86% foi do sexo masculino, com média de 48,8 anos de idade, contabilizando ambos os sexos. Escolaridade e renda familiar baixas foram características comuns. As carnes citadas como prediletas e efetivamente mais consumidas foram, respectivamente: bovina (47,62 e 45,71%), peixe (25,71 e 26,67%) e frango (18,10 e 24,76%). No município em destaque, a frequência de consumo de peixes foi considerada alta, com ampla predileção pelos de água doce (63,80%). As espécies preferidas foram tambaqui Colossoma macropomum (29,81%), tilápia-do-nilo Oreochromis niloticus (24,04%) e curimatã-pacu Prochilodus argenteus (15,38%). É tradicional a compra de peixes vivos e na própria feira livre, sendo que o preço do quilo foi considerado alto e a compra inviável a partir de dez reais. Constatou-se que mercado local é aquecido pela regularidade no consumo de peixes, mas momentaneamente viável apenas para àqueles vendidos inteiros, devido à preferência de compra, hábito alimentar e ao baixo poder aquisitivo da população.

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One hundred and five consumers were interviewed through semi-structured questionnaires in order to characterize personal preferences towards purchase and consumption of fish at the street market of Porto Real do Colégio city, Alagoas state, Brazil. The majority of the interviewed were men, aging 48.8 years old in average. Poor education and low family income were common features. The preferred and most consumed meats, in this order, were bovine (47.62 and 45.71%), fish (25.71 and 26.67%) and chicken (18.10 and 24.76%). Consumers presented a high consumption of fishes, with a preference for freshwater species, in the following order: Colossoma macropomum, Prochilodus argenteus and Oreochromis niloticus (28.42; 28.42 and 24.21% of consumers). The purchase of live fish in the market is common and preferred practice, however, the price was considered high and ten Real (Reais) per kilo was considered a threshold for affordability to most consumers. Local market is heated by the high frequency of fish consumption, but momentarily only feasible for whole fishes, due the low income of the population and their feeding habits.(AU)

Para caracterizar a comercialização e consumo de peixes na feira livre da cidade de Porto Real do Colégio, Alagoas, foram entrevistados 105 consumidores, com o auxílio de questionários semiestruturados. Do total de entrevistados, 62,86% foi do sexo masculino, com média de 48,8 anos de idade, contabilizando ambos os sexos. Escolaridade e renda familiar baixas foram características comuns. As carnes citadas como prediletas e efetivamente mais consumidas foram, respectivamente: bovina (47,62 e 45,71%), peixe (25,71 e 26,67%) e frango (18,10 e 24,76%). No município em destaque, a frequência de consumo de peixes foi considerada alta, com ampla predileção pelos de água doce (63,80%). As espécies preferidas foram tambaqui Colossoma macropomum (29,81%), tilápia-do-nilo Oreochromis niloticus (24,04%) e curimatã-pacu Prochilodus argenteus (15,38%). É tradicional a compra de peixes vivos e na própria feira livre, sendo que o preço do quilo foi considerado alto e a compra inviável a partir de dez reais. Constatou-se que mercado local é aquecido pela regularidade no consumo de peixes, mas momentaneamente viável apenas para àqueles vendidos inteiros, devido à preferência de compra, hábito alimentar e ao baixo poder aquisitivo da população.(AU)

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Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar a efetividade da intervenção educativa na prevenção e tratamento da dermatite da fralda de idosos institucionalizados. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, longitudinal e prospectivo a partir de uma amostra de 38 idosos. O instrumento foi composto por uma cartilha, entregue aos agentes de saúde, na qual ela apresentava medidas para minimizar os problemas da dermatite. Foi realizada uma avaliação clínica da dermatite da fralda antes e após a aplicação das medidas. Verificou-se que apenas 7 idosos com dermatite leve persistiram com o quadro. Vinte obtiveram a cura dos Sintomas, representando, assim, 81,58% dos idosos. Houve também uma diminuição dos sintomas, na qual a descamação foi representada por 93,33% de melhora, a hiperemia por 77,41% e o edema por 93,75%. Diante dos resultados deste estudo, constatou-se que as medidas propostas foram adequadas e eficazes no tratamento da dermatite de grau leve em idosos institucionalizados.

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of educational interventions in the prevention and treatment of diaper dermatitis in the institutionalized elderly. This is a prospective, qualitative and longitudinal study from a sample of 38 old people. The instrument consisted of a booklet given to health workers with instructions to minimize the problems of dermatitis. We performed a clinical assessment of diaper dermatitis before and after implementing the measures. It was found that only 7 elderly patients with mild dermatitis persisted in the frame. Twenty of them obtained the cure of symptoms, representing 81.58% of the elderly. There was also a decrease of symptoms, in which the improvement of peeling was represented by 93.33%, hyperemia by 77.41%, and edema by 93.75%. According to the results of this study, the proposed measures are appropriate and effective in the treatment of mild dermatitis in the institutionalized elderly.

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Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar a efetividade da intervenção educativa na prevenção e tratamento da dermatite da fralda de idosos institucionalizados. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, longitudinal e prospectivo a partir de uma amostra de 38 idosos. O instrumento foi composto por uma cartilha, entregue aos agentes de saúde, na qual ela apresentava medidas para minimizar os problemas da dermatite. Foi realizada uma avaliação clínica da dermatite da fralda antes e após a aplicação das medidas. Verificou-se que apenas 7 idosos com dermatite leve persistiram com o quadro. Vinte obtiveram a cura dos Sintomas, representando, assim, 81,58% dos idosos. Houve também uma diminuição dos sintomas, na qual a descamação foi representada por 93,33% de melhora, a hiperemia por 77,41% e o edema por 93,75%. Diante dos resultados deste estudo, constatou-se que as medidas propostas foram adequadas e eficazes no tratamento da dermatite de grau leve em idosos institucionalizados. (AU)

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of educational interventions in the prevention and treatment of diaper dermatitis in the institutionalized elderly. This is a prospective, qualitative and longitudinal study from a sample of 38 old people. The instrument consisted of a booklet given to health workers with instructions to minimize the problems of dermatitis. We performed a clinical assessment of diaper dermatitis before and after implementing the measures. It was found that only 7 elderly patients with mild dermatitis persisted in the frame. Twenty of them obtained the cure of symptoms, representing 81.58% of the elderly. There was also a decrease of symptoms, in which the improvement of peeling was represented by 93.33%, hyperemia by 77.41%, and edema by 93.75%. According to the results of this study, the proposed measures are appropriate and effective in the treatment of mild dermatitis in the institutionalized elderly. (AU)

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In order to characterize the preferences in purchase and consumption of fish at the market place of the city of Penedo (AL), 104 consumers were interviewed with the help of semistructured questionnaires. Most of the interviewed people were men aging 45,5 years in average. Low education level and low familiar income were common characteristics. The favorite and most consumed meats were (respectively): beef (36 % and 43%), fishes (33% and 29%) and chicken (23% and 23%). There is a high consumption of fish in the city, with preference for freshwater fish: tambaqui Colossoma macropomum (29.81%), tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (29.04%) and curimatã-pacu Prochilodus argenteus (15.38%). It is consolidated the preference for live fish purchase in the market place itself; the price per kilo was considered high and, purchases more expensive than ten reais were considered infeasible. It was ascertained that the local market is heated by the frequency of fish consumption frequency, but momentarily it is only practicable for whole fish, due to the eating habit and low income of the interviewed people.

Para caracterizar as preferências de aquisição e consumo de peixes na feira livre da cidade de Penedo (AL), foram entrevistados 104 consumidores, com o auxílio de questionários semiestruturados. A maior parte dos entrevistados foram homens, sendo a média de idade de 45,5 anos. Baixa escolaridade e renda familiar foram características comuns. As carnes preferidas e mais consumidas, nesta ordem, foram: bovinos (36 e 43%), peixes (33 e 29%) e frango (23 e 23%). Há um alto consumo de pescado no município, com preferência pelos peixes de água doce: tambaqui Colossoma macropomum (29,81%), tilápia Oreochromis niloticus (29,04%) e curimatã-pacu Prochilodus argenteus (15,38%). Encontra-se consolidada a preferência pela aquisição de peixes vivos e na própria feira-livre, sendo que o preço do quilo foi considerado alto e a compra inviável a partir de dez reais. Constatou-se que o mercado local é aquecido pela frequência de consumo de peixes, mas momentaneamente viável apenas para peixes inteiros, devido ao hábito alimentar e baixo poder aquisitivo dos entrevistados.

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In order to characterize the preferences in purchase and consumption of fish at the market place of the city of Penedo (AL), 104 consumers were interviewed with the help of semistructured questionnaires. Most of the interviewed people were men aging 45,5 years in average. Low education level and low familiar income were common characteristics. The favorite and most consumed meats were (respectively): beef (36 % and 43%), fishes (33% and 29%) and chicken (23% and 23%). There is a high consumption of fish in the city, with preference for freshwater fish: tambaqui Colossoma macropomum (29.81%), tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (29.04%) and curimatã-pacu Prochilodus argenteus (15.38%). It is consolidated the preference for live fish purchase in the market place itself; the price per kilo was considered high and, purchases more expensive than ten reais were considered infeasible. It was ascertained that the local market is heated by the frequency of fish consumption frequency, but momentarily it is only practicable for whole fish, due to the eating habit and low income of the interviewed people.(AU)

Para caracterizar as preferências de aquisição e consumo de peixes na feira livre da cidade de Penedo (AL), foram entrevistados 104 consumidores, com o auxílio de questionários semiestruturados. A maior parte dos entrevistados foram homens, sendo a média de idade de 45,5 anos. Baixa escolaridade e renda familiar foram características comuns. As carnes preferidas e mais consumidas, nesta ordem, foram: bovinos (36 e 43%), peixes (33 e 29%) e frango (23 e 23%). Há um alto consumo de pescado no município, com preferência pelos peixes de água doce: tambaqui Colossoma macropomum (29,81%), tilápia Oreochromis niloticus (29,04%) e curimatã-pacu Prochilodus argenteus (15,38%). Encontra-se consolidada a preferência pela aquisição de peixes vivos e na própria feira-livre, sendo que o preço do quilo foi considerado alto e a compra inviável a partir de dez reais. Constatou-se que o mercado local é aquecido pela frequência de consumo de peixes, mas momentaneamente viável apenas para peixes inteiros, devido ao hábito alimentar e baixo poder aquisitivo dos entrevistados.(AU)

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To determine population knowledge about systemic high blood pressure (SHBP) and to know about hypertensives' opinion of their blood pressure levels and the effectiveness of blood pressure control they perform. METHOD: Cross-sectional study with interviewed volunteersfrom 18 to 65 years of age, excluding pregnant women; patients' subjective opinions about SHBP and treatment effectiveness were addressed, anthropometric measures were collected, and measurement of blood pressure (BP) was performed. All records were included in the research, being stored and analyzed through PAWS Statistics 18 software, using Odds Ratio and Pearson correlation with 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: The sampling comprises 365 patients, 43.8% of males, with 29.6% being hypertensive. According to Pearson correlation, the systolic pressure was related to waist circumference (WC) (0.456), body mass index (BMI) (0.428) and neck circumference (0.326), with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) achieving similar relations but in lesser extent. The most statistically significant relations were between SHBP and diabetes (OR = 7.5), high women waist circumference (OR = 4.5) and BMI ≥ 30 (OR = 3.0). A correlation was found between patients with high systolic and diastolic BP and their opinion that BP was high (OR = 10.2 and 7.2, respectively). There was a relation between being hypertensive and having high systolic or diastolic pressure (OR = 5.4 and 3.5, respectively). When asked about the downsides of long-term SHBP, 20.3% could not inform about theses consequences. CONCLUSION: The authors concluded that antihypertensive therapy in this population does not meet the targets proposed by the VI Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension.(...)

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Mensurar o conhecimento populacional acerca da hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), conhecer a opinião do hipertenso sobre seus níveis tensionais e a eficácia do controle pressórico realizado por eles. MÉTODO: Pesquisa transversal com entrevistados voluntários entre 18 e 65 anos, excluídas gestantes. Abordaram-se opiniões subjetivas do paciente sobre HAS e efetividade do tratamento, colhidas medidas antropométricas e aferição da pressão arterial (PA). Todas as fichas foram incluídas na pesquisa, sendo armazenadas e analisadas no programa PAWS Statistics 18, utilizando-se Odds Ratio e correlação de Pearson com intervalo de confiança de 95%.RESULTADOS: Amostra composta por 365 pacientes, 43,8% do sexo masculino, 29,6% hipertensos. De acordo com a correlação de Pearson, pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) obteve relação com circunferência abdominal (CA) (0,456), índice de massa corpórea (IMC) (0,428) e circunferência do pescoço (0,326),tendo a pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) relações parecidas em menores escalas. As relações mais significantes estatisticamente foram entre HAS e: diabetes (OR = 7,5), CA feminina elevada (OR = 4,5) e IMC ≥ 30 (OR = 3,0). Houve relação entre os pacientes com PAS e PAD elevadas e opinião de achar que a PA está elevada (OR = 10,2 e 7,2, respectivamente). Existiu relação entre ser hipertenso e estar com a PAS ou PAD (OR = 5,4 e 3,5, respectivamente). Quando perguntados sobre os males da HAS em longo prazo, 20,3% não souberam informar tais consequências. CONCLUSÃO: A terapêutica anti-hipertensiva na população estudada está aquém das metas propostas pelas VI Diretrizes de Hipertensão. Os hipertensos em tratamento acreditam que sua PA está elevada antes de aferi-la, o que foi confirmado depois da medição, denotando a insegurança com a terapia e eficácia inadequada do tratamento. (...)

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OBJETIVO: Verificar a associação entre sarcopenia, obesidade sarcopênica e força muscular com variáveis relacionadas à qualidade de vida em idosas. MÉTODO: A amostra foi composta por 56 voluntárias do sexo feminino que se submeteram à análise de composição corporal (IMC e absortometria de raios-x de dupla energia DXA). A força de preensão palmar (FPP) foi mensurada pelo dinamômetro Jamar. Para análise de qualidade de vida, usou-se o questionário SF-36; para análise estatística, os dados foram apresentados por meio da estatística descritiva e Coeficiente de Correlação de Pearson. O software SPSS, versão 15,0, foi utilizado para realização de todas as análises. RESULTADOS: As idosas apresentaram média de idade de 64,92±5,74 anos. Das 56 voluntárias avaliadas, 19,64% (n=11) foram classificadas com obesidade sarcopênica. Treze voluntárias (23,21%) foram classificadas como sarcopênicas. Os principais achados do presente estudo demonstraram que, embora não fosse encontrada significância estatística entre os parâmetros estudados em idosas classificadas com sarcopenia e obesidade sarcopênica e as dimensões de qualidade de vida, os valores médios foram inferiores nas acometidas. De forma interessante, a variável FPP correlacionou-se positiva e significativamente com todos os domínios do SF-36, com exceção de VIT (p=0,08) e SM (p=0,25). CONCLUSÕES: A FPP é um fator determinante nos aspectos relacionados à qualidade de vida na população estudada. O rastreamento e a identificação de pequenas alterações funcionais por meio de medidas clínicas simples, como a FPP, podem favorecer a intervenção precoce e prevenir incapacidades. Em contraste, sarcopenia e obesidade sarcopênica não foram associadas à qualidade de vida.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity and muscle strength and variables related to quality of life in elderly women. METHOD: The sample consisted of 56 female volunteers who underwent body composition analysis (BMI and x-ray absorptiometry dual-energy DXA). Handgrip strength was measured using a Jamar dynamometer. We used the SF-36 health questionnaire to analyze quality of life. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and the Pearson correlation coefficient; SPSS 15.0 was used to perform the statistical analysis. RESULTS: The mean age of the subjects was 64.92±5.74 years; of the 56 volunteers evaluated, 19.64% (n=11) were classified as sarcopenic obese and 45 (80.36%) were not. Thirteen volunteers (23.21%) were classified as sarcopenic while 43 (76.78%) were not. Although there were no statistically significant differences between the studied parameters and quality of life among those with sarcopenia or sarcopenic obesity, the values were lower in affected individuals. Interestingly, handgrip strength correlated positively and significantly with all of the SF-36 dimensions except VIT (p=0.08) and SM (p=0.25). Conclusions: Seeing that handgrip strength is a determining factor in quality of life aspects in this population, the screening and identification of small functional changes using simple clinical measures may facilitate early intervention and help prevent disability. In contrast, neither sarcopenia nor sarcopenic obesity were found to be associated with quality of life.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity and muscle strength and variables related to quality of life in elderly women. METHOD: The sample consisted of 56 female volunteers who underwent body composition analysis (BMI and x-ray absorptiometry dual-energy DXA). Handgrip strength was measured using a Jamar dynamometer. We used the SF-36 health questionnaire to analyze quality of life. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and the Pearson correlation coefficient; SPSS 15.0 was used to perform the statistical analysis. RESULTS: The mean age of the subjects was 64.92±5.74 years; of the 56 volunteers evaluated, 19.64% (n=11) were classified as sarcopenic obese and 45 (80.36%) were not. Thirteen volunteers (23.21%) were classified as sarcopenic while 43 (76.78%) were not. Although there were no statistically significant differences between the studied parameters and quality of life among those with sarcopenia or sarcopenic obesity, the values were lower in affected individuals. Interestingly, handgrip strength correlated positively and significantly with all of the SF-36 dimensions except VIT (p=0.08) and SM (p=0.25). CONCLUSIONS: Seeing that handgrip strength is a determining factor in quality of life aspects in this population, the screening and identification of small functional changes using simple clinical measures may facilitate early intervention and help prevent disability. In contrast, neither sarcopenia nor sarcopenic obesity were found to be associated with quality of life.

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Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil., Lythraceae, popularly known as pacari, is a Cerrado's native specimen; the stem bark extract is used in folk for pain and inflammation, also showing sedating activity. This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic and anti inflammatory activities of ethanol extract from pacari leaves (EEPL). These activities were verified in mice. The previous treatment with EEPL 1.0 g/kg showed antinociceptive activity both in the acetic acid-induced writing test and in the formalin-induced model of pain, and in neurogenic and inflammatory phases as well. In the croton oil-induced ear edema, the pre-treatments with EEPL reduced the edema in a dose-dependent manner. Also in the carrageenan-induced peritonitis, the two major doses tested (2.0 and 1.5 g/kg p.o.) were able to reduce the leukocyte migration in a dose-dependent manner. The Central Nervous System tests showed that the extract does not elicit uncoordinated motricity, hypnosis or sedating effects. The results showed that EEPL maintains the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the stem bark of pacari, being the collect of leaves more favorable to the preservation of this Cerrado's native specimen.

O pacari (Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil., Lythraceae) é uma espécie vegetal nativa do cerrado, o extrato da casca de caule é utilizado popularmente para dores e inflamação, tendo mostrado atividade sedativa. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos do extrato etanólico das folhas do pacari (EEFP) como analgésico e antiinflamatório. As atividades analgésica e antiinflamatória foram verificadas em camundongos. O tratamento prévio com EEFP 1,0 g/kg mostrou atividade antinociceptiva tanto no método das contorções abdominais induzidas por ácido acético como também no modelo de dor induzida por formalina, tanto na fase neurogênica quanto na fase inflamatória. Os pré-tratamentos com o EEFP reduziram o edema de orelha, induzido por óleo de cróton, de forma dose-dependente. Os testes de atividade no sistema nervoso central mostraram que o extrato não provoca incoordenação motora nem hipnose ou sedação. Os resultados mostram que o EEFP mantém as atividades analgésica e antiinflamatória do extrato das cascas do caule do pacari, sendo que a coleta das folhas favorece a preservação desta espécie nativa do cerrado.

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OBJECTIVE: To know the prevalence of elderly individuals (more than 60 years old), who are regular smokers, interned in Homes for the Aged in Distrito Federal. METHODS: 13 Homes for the Aged were studied in Distrito Federal. The identification of the smokers was made through the information given by the local nursing staff, added to the researcher observation and the confirmation provided by the elderly individuals themselves. They were asked about the tobacco usage, the intention to quit smoking in the next 6 months and self-evaluation about the harmful aspects that smoking causes to their health. RESULTS: The prevalence was 17,3% (11,2% men and 6,1%women) (p < 0,05). The average age was of 68,6 (+ or - 8,6) years old, varing from 60 to 94 years old. The number of individuals with the intention to quit smoking: 63,6% - 46 (71,9%) men and 17(48,6%) women (p <0,05). Self-evaluation about the harmful aspects that smoking causes to health: 58,6% of the individuals do think that smoking is harmful to their health (p < 0,05). CONCLUSION: There is a great number of elderly smokers who are interned in Homes for the Aged, and so the implementation of measures to control the smoking is necessary at these places.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe a new FOXL2 gene mutation in a woman with sporadic blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: University medical center. PATIENT(S): A 28-year-old woman. INTERVENTION(S): Clinical evaluation, hormone assays, gene mutation research. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): FOXL2 gene mutation. RESULT(S): The patient with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism was diagnosed with BPES due to a new FOXL2 gene mutation. CONCLUSION(S): Blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome is a rare disorder associated with premature ovarian failure (POF). The syndrome is an autosomal dominant trait that causes eyelid malformations and POF in affected women. Mutations in FOXL2 gene, located in chromosome 3, are related to the development of BPES with POF (BPES type I) or without POF (BPES type II). This report demonstrates a previously undescribed de novo mutation in the FOXL2 gene-a thymidine deletion, c.627delT (g.864delT)-in a woman with a sporadic case of BPES and POF. This mutation leads to truncated protein production that is related to a BPES type I phenotype. This report shows the importance of family history and genetic analysis in the evaluation of patients with POF and corroborates the relationship between mutations on the FOXL2 gene and ovarian insufficiency.

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O envelhecimento populacional é, hoje, um proeminente fenômeno mundial que, no Brasil, traduz-se em transições demográficas e epidemiológicas. Pode-se definir o envelhecimento como um processo fisiológico dos seres vivos, com decurso lento e contínuo, conduzindo a uma diminuição progressiva da reserva funcional dos diferentes órgãos e sistemas. Existem muitas teorias sobre os mecanismos que levam ao envelhecimento; entretanto, nenhuma delas, isoladamente, consegue explicar a complexidade da verdade biológica presente no processo de envelhecer. Embora o declínio biológico seja considerado "normal" no processo de envelhecimento, o limiar entre o fisiológico e patológico é, muitas vezes, controverso. Nesse trabalho a proposta é discutir as conseqüências do envelhecimento sobre a tireóide e os determinantes da diminuição da produção dos seus hormônios, tentando estabelecer o que poderia ser considerado como processo adaptativo e, portanto, fisiológico, e o que seria, de fato, patológico, merecedor de intervenção terapêutica.

Population aging is a prominent worldwide phenomenon. In Brazil, it is expressed by demographic and epidemiologic transitions. Aging can be defined as a physiological process of living beings, slow and continuous, leading to a gradual reduction of the functional reserve of the different organs and systems. Many theories exist about the mechanisms of aging; however, none of them, separately, explains the complexity of that biological process. Although aging is considered to be "normal", the limit between the physiological and pathological process is often controversial. In this paper, the consequences of aging on the thyroid gland and its hormone production reduction are discussed, attempting to establish what could be considered as an adaptative process and, therefore, physiological, and what would be in fact pathological, meriting therapeutical intervention.

El envejecimiento de la población es un fenómeno mundial prominente. En Brasil tal hecho se expresa por transiciones demográficas y epidemiológicas. El envejecimiento se define como proceso fisiológico de la vida, lento y continuo, que lleva a una reducción gradual de la reserva funcional de los diversos órganos y sistemas. Muchas teorías existen acerca de los mecanismos del envejecimiento; sin embargo, ninguna de ellas, por separado, logra explicar la complejidad de ese proceso biológico. Aunque el envejecimiento sea considerado como "normal", el límite entre el proceso fisiológico y el patológico es a menudo controversial. En este trabajo se discute las consecuencias del envejecimiento en la glándula tiroides y la reducción de su producción hormonal, estableciendo aquello que podría ser considerado como un proceso adaptador y, por lo tanto, fisiológico y aquello que sería, de hecho, patológico, ameritando la intervención terapéutica.

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A pesquisa analisou a relação entre seis avós idosas voluntárias e seus netosno período da infância, de acordo com a perspectiva das avós. Após coleta dos dadosdemográficos, realizou-se entrevista semi-estruturada, na qual as avós foraminterrogadas a respeito de sua relação com os netos e suas atribuições com os mesmos.Formou-se um sistema de categorias para cada pergunta analisando-se os resultadosobtidos. Encontrou-se grande frequência de atividades das avós realizadas com os netosna infância. As avós entrevistadas sentem-se satisfeitas com esta relação.

This research examined the relationship between 6 voluntariegrandparents and grandchildren in childhood according to the prospect of thegrandparents. After collection of demografic data, was performed by structuredinterview, in which the grandparents were asked questions about the relationshipbetween them and their grandchildren. It was formed a system of categories for eachquestion. There was high frequency of grandparents activity with their grandchildrenin childhood. Grandparents of the study feel very well with this relationship.

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