RESUMEN
Warfarin dose requirements are highly variable due to clinical and genetic factors. While genetic variants influencing warfarin dose have been identified in European and East Asian populations, more work is needed to identify African-specific genetic variants to help optimize warfarin dosing. We performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in four African cohorts from Uganda, South Africa, and Zimbabwe, totalling 989 warfarin-treated participants who reached stable dose and had international normalized ratios within therapeutic ranges. We also included two African American cohorts recruited by the International Warfarin Pharmacogenetics Consortium (n=316) and the University of Alabama at Birmingham (n=199). Following the GWAS, we performed standard error-weighted meta-analyses and then conducted stepwise conditional analyses to account for known loci (the CYP2C cluster SNP rs12777823 and CYP2C9 in chromosome 10; VKORC1 in chromosome 16). The genome-wide significance threshold was set at P<5×10-8. The meta-analysis, comprising 1,504 participants identified 242 significant SNPs across three genomic loci, with 99.6% of these located within known loci on chromosomes 10 (top SNP: rs58800757, P=4.27×10-13) and 16 (top SNP: rs9925964, P=9.97×10-16). Adjustment for the VKORC1 SNP -1639G>A revealed an additional locus on chromosome 2 (top SNPs rs116057875/rs115254730/rs115240773, P=3.64×10-8), implicating the MALL gene, that could indirectly influence warfarin response through interactions with caveolin-1. In conclusion, our meta-analysis of six cohorts of warfarin-treated patients of African ancestry reaffirmed the importance of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 in influencing warfarin dose requirements. We also identified a new locus (MALL), that still requires direct evidence of biological plausibility.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The quality of warfarin anticoagulation among Sub-Saharan African patients is suboptimal. This is due to several factors, including a lack of standardized dosing algorithms, difficulty in providing timely international normalized ratio (INR) results, a lack of patient feedback on their experiences with treatment, a lack of education on adherence, and inadequate knowledge and training of health care workers. Low quality of warfarin anticoagulation, expressed as time in therapeutic range (TTR), is associated with higher adverse event rates, including bleeding and thrombosis, and ultimately, increased morbidity and mortality. Processes and interventions that improve this situation are urgently needed. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the implementation of the "warfarin bundle," a package of interventions to improve the quality of anticoagulation and thereby clinical outcomes. The primary outcome for this study is TTR over the initial 3 months of warfarin therapy. METHODS: Patients aged 18 years or older who are newly initiated on warfarin for venous thromboembolism, atrial fibrillation, or valvular heart disease will be enrolled and followed up for 3 months at clinics in Cape Town, South Africa, and Kampala, Uganda, where the warfarin bundle is implemented. A retrospective review of the clinical records of patients on warfarin treatment before implementation (controls) will be used for comparison. This study uses a mixed methods approach of the implementation of patient- and process-centered activities to improve the quality of anticoagulation. Patient-centered activities include the use of clinical dosing algorithms, adherence support, and root cause analysis, whereas process-centered activities include point-of-care INR testing, staff training, and patient education and training. We will assess the impact of these interventions by comparing the TTR and safety outcomes across the 2 groups, as well as the cost-effectiveness and acceptability of the package. RESULTS: We started recruitment in June 2021 and stopped in August 2022, having recruited 167 participants. We obtained ethics approval from the University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences Human Research Ethics Committee, the Provincial Health Research Committees in South Africa, the Joint Clinical Research Centre Institutional Review Board, Kampala, and the University of Liverpool Research Ethics Committee. As of February 2023, data cleaning and formal analysis are underway. We expect to publish the full results by December 2023. CONCLUSIONS: We anticipate that the "bundle of care," which includes a clinical algorithm to guide individualized dosing of warfarin, will improve INR control and TTR of patients in Uganda and South Africa. We will use these findings to design a larger, multisite clinical trial across several Sub-Saharan African countries. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/46710.
RESUMEN
We aimed to summarize and describe the burden of serious adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in the era of antiretroviral therapy. We searched Medline, CINAHL, Africa-Wide Information, Scopus, and Web of Science, without language restriction up to March 2021. We hand-searched reference lists, conference abstracts, and dissertation databases. We included studies reporting proportions of admissions attributed to ADRs, admissions prolonged by ADRs, or in-hospital deaths attributed to ADRs. Two reviewers independently screened the studies, reviewed the study quality using a previously published tool, and extracted the data. We tested for heterogeneity using I2 -statistics and summarized the study results using medians and interquartile ranges. Subgroup analyses summarized the results by study quality, setting, methodology, and population. From 1005 unique references identified, we included 15 studies. Median study quality was 7/10; heterogeneity was very high. Median [IQR] proportion of admissions attributed to ADRs was 4.8% [1.5% to 7.0%] (14 studies) and 6.4% [4.0% to 8.4%] in nine active surveillance studies in adults. Two pediatric studies reported the proportion of admissions prolonged by ADRs (0.29% and 0.99%). Three studies reported the proportion of in-hospital deaths attributed to ADRs (2.5%, 13%, and 16%). Antiretroviral and antituberculosis drugs were often implicated in serious ADRs. Evidence of the burden of serious ADRs in SSA is patchy and heterogeneous. A few high-quality studies suggest that the burden is considerable, and that it reflects the regional impact of the HIV pandemic. Further characterization of this burden is required, ideally in studies of standardized methodology.