RESUMEN
This paper reports lifetime rates for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in two rural northwest communities. One community was affected by a major natural disaster, the eruption of Mt. St. Helens. Following an epidemiology study of this disaster, community-wide patterns of PTSD were identified. Disaster-related, combat, sexual assault, and all other types of PTSD are presented for men and women. Symptom patterns from these distinct PTSD stressors are compared along with concurrent psychiatric disorders. The findings are discussed with other studies that use a broader definition of disaster stress response syndromes. This comparison identifies a limitation of PTSD diagnostic criteria that may significantly underestimate community rates.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/psicología , Adulto , Psiquiatría Comunitaria/métodos , Desastres , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Noroeste de Estados Unidos , Prevalencia , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/epidemiología , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/etiologíaRESUMEN
Following the 1980 Mount St. Helens volcanic eruption, psychiatric reactions were studied in the disaster area and in a control community. Using the new criterion-based diagnostic method for psychiatric epidemiologic research, the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, the authors found a significant prevalence of disaster-related psychiatric disorders. These Mount St. Helens disorders included depression, generalized anxiety, and posttraumatic stress reaction. There was a progressive "dose-response" relationship in the comparison of control, low-exposure, and high-exposure groups. The dose-response pattern occurred among both the bereaved and the property-loss victims.
Asunto(s)
Desastres , Trastornos Mentales/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Trastornos de Ansiedad/diagnóstico , Trastornos de Ansiedad/epidemiología , Trastornos de Ansiedad/etiología , Muerte , Trastorno Depresivo/diagnóstico , Trastorno Depresivo/epidemiología , Trastorno Depresivo/etiología , Femenino , Pesar , Estado de Salud , Humanos , Acontecimientos que Cambian la Vida , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Trastornos Mentales/etiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Psicometría , Factores Sexuales , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/diagnóstico , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/epidemiología , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/etiología , WashingtónRESUMEN
This psychiatric epidemiology study following the Mount St. Helens volcanic disaster revealed a significant morbidity for psychiatric disorders. The increased prevalence showed a dose response pattern in three population groups. The findings are reported as relative and attributable risk for the two exposed populations as compared to a control group. Patterns of significant risk are presented for sex, age, and for victims with pre-existing physical illness. The research utilized a new criteria-based interview schedule for the identification of psychiatric disorders. The methodology is reviewed in the context of the controversies and assumptions within the field of behavioral response to disaster stress. There are important implications for public health planning and intervention.
Asunto(s)
Desastres , Trastornos Mentales/etiología , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Trastornos de Ansiedad/etiología , Trastorno Depresivo/etiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Riesgo , Muestreo , Factores Sexuales , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/etiología , Estrés Psicológico/etiología , WashingtónRESUMEN
A specific fructose uptake system (Km = 0.4 mM) appeared in Neurospora crassa when glucose-grown mycelia were starved. Fructose uptake had kinetics different from those of intramycelial fructose phosphorylation, and uptake appeared to be carrier mediated. The only sugar which competitively inhibited fructose uptake was L-sorbose (Ki = 9 mM). Glucose, 2-deoxyglucose, mannose, and 3-O-methyl glucose were noncompetitive inhibitors of fructose uptake. Incubation of glucose-grown mycelia with glucose, 2-deoxyglucose, or mannose prevented derepression of the fructose transport system, whereas incubation with 3-O-methyl glucose caused the appearance of five times as much fructose uptake activity as did starvation conditions.
Asunto(s)
Fructosa/metabolismo , Neurospora crassa/metabolismo , Neurospora/metabolismo , Transporte Biológico Activo/efectos de los fármacos , Carbohidratos/farmacología , Cicloheximida/farmacología , Proteínas Fúngicas/biosíntesis , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Cinética , Concentración Osmolar , FosforilaciónRESUMEN
Two galactose uptake systems were found in the mycelia of Neurospora crassa. In glucose-grown mycelia, galactose was transported by a low-affinity (Km = 400 mM) constitutive system which was distinct from the previously described glucose transport system I (R. P. Schneider and W. R. Wiley, J. Bacteriol. 106:479--486, 1971). In carbon-starved mycelia or mycelia incubated with galactose, a second galactose transport activity appeared which required energy, had a high affinity for galactose (Km = 0.7 mM), and was shown to be the same as glucose transport system II. System II also transported mannose, 2-deoxyglucose, xylose, and talose and is therefore a general monosaccharide transport system. System II was derepressed by carbon starvation, completely repressed by glucose, mannose, and 2-deoxyglucose, and partially repressed by fructose and xylose. Incubation with galactose yielded twice as much activity as starvation. This extra induction by galactose required protein synthesis, and represented an increase in activity of system II rather than the induction of another transport system. Glucose, mannose, and 2-deoxyglucose caused rapid degradation of preexisting system II; fructose and xylose caused a slower degradation of activity.
Asunto(s)
Galactosa/metabolismo , Neurospora crassa/metabolismo , Neurospora/metabolismo , Transporte Biológico Activo/efectos de los fármacos , Tampones (Química) , Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono , Cicloheximida/farmacología , Glucosa/metabolismo , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Metilglucósidos/metabolismo , Concentración OsmolarRESUMEN
1. A morphological mutant of Neurospora crassa, smco 9, (R2508) that exhibits colonial morphology when grown on sucrose or on maltose, showed a partial reversal of this morphology toward that of the wild type when it was grown on potato starch or on isomaltose. 2. A common feature of both potato starch and isomaltose is the presence of alpha-1, 6 glucosidic linkages. This suggested that these morphological effects might be due to differences in alpha-1,4 glucan: alpha-1,4 glucan 6 glycosyltransferase, (EC 2.4.1.18) commonly known as "the branching enzyme". 3. The branching enzyme was purified from wild type, Neurospora crassa, and from the semicolonial mutant, R2508, both grown on sucrose or on potato starch. It has a molecular weight of 140,000 as estimated by gel filtration on a Bio Gel A 1.5 m column. This enzyme plus phosphorylase a in an unprimed reaction catalyzes the synthesis of a branched polysaccharide in vitro. 4. No branching enzyme activity was apparent in extracts of the mutant R2508, grown on potato starch until a thermolabile inhibitor was removed by fractionation on a DEAE column. 5. This inhibitor has a molecular weight greater than 100,000 as estimated on a P-100 polyacrylamide gel column. The specificity of the inhibitor is not absolute in that it inhibits glycogen synthetase in addition to the branching enzyme in Neurospora.
Asunto(s)
Glucosiltransferasas/metabolismo , Neurospora crassa/enzimología , Neurospora/enzimología , División Celular , Medios de Cultivo , Glucosiltransferasas/aislamiento & purificación , Peso Molecular , MutaciónRESUMEN
The effect of purified wild-type RNA (allo-RNA) on genetic reversion of inositol-requiring mutant 89601 of Neurospora crassa is described. The mutant (inos minus) strain, on treatment with the wild-type RNA preparation, was found to revert to wild type (inos+) in significant numbers. RNA from the mutant (iso-RNA) and allo-RNA digested by RNase were ineffective in causing genetic reversion at the inositol locus. The allo-RNA-induced revertants were stable and showed a Mendelian transmission of the inos+ character.
Asunto(s)
Inositol/metabolismo , Neurospora crassa/metabolismo , Neurospora/metabolismo , ARN/metabolismo , Transformación Genética , Mutación , Fenotipo , Ribonucleasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Inositol-independent (inos(+)) revertants of Neurospora induced in inositol-requiring mutants by treatment with wild-type DNA in previous studies were found to be stable and to grow well in the absence of inositol. Genetic data presented in this paper show that a major proportion of these induced revertants rarely transmitted the inositol independence character (inos(+)) to their sexual progeny. Non-Mendelian transmission of the transformed character (inos(+)) was also found to occur in some of the sexual progeny in subsequent generations. These genetic data support the idea that the transforming DNA pieces carrying the genetic information (called exosomes) are not readily integrated into the host genome. It is suggested that elimination of most exosomes during meiosis causes a loss of the genetic information and leads to non-Mendelian transmission of the induced revertant character (inos(+)).
Asunto(s)
ADN , Herencia Extracromosómica , Inositol/metabolismo , Neurospora/metabolismo , Cruzamientos Genéticos , Genotipo , Meiosis , Mutación , Fenotipo , Transformación GenéticaAsunto(s)
Pared Celular/análisis , Neurospora/análisis , Péptidos/análisis , Alanina/análisis , Aminoácidos/análisis , Quitinasas , Cromatografía DEAE-Celulosa , Cromatografía en Gel , Cromatografía en Capa Delgada , Glicopéptidos/análisis , Hidrólisis , Peso Molecular , Neurospora crassa/análisis , Unión Proteica , Compuestos de Amonio Cuaternario , Serina/análisisRESUMEN
Mammalian somatic-cell hybrids can be formed in a direct and precise manner by microsurgery. Fusion of cells brought about in this way permits selection of specific, identifiable cells of the same or different types or species and their fusion at telophase.
Asunto(s)
Fusión Celular , Hibridación Genética , Microcirugia , Animales , División Celular , Línea Celular , Células Clonales , Feto , Células HeLa , Humanos , Células Híbridas , Células L , Síndrome de Lesch-Nyhan , RatonesRESUMEN
Neurospora glycogen synthetase (EC 2.4.1.11) occurs in 100,000 x g particles. The two forms (glucose-6-phosphate dependent-independent) of glycogen synthetase were solubilized and separated by digitonin treatment of the 100,000 x g particles. Glucan synthetase activity of Neurospora was found only in a cell-wall preparation. These two enzymes have been characterized in relation to the paramorphogenic action of sorbose. Sorbose-grown cultures showed a marked decrease in the specific activity of both enzymes, as compared to sucrose-grown wild-type cultures. Sorbose inhibited the activity of the wild-type enzymes both in vivo and in vitro. In the presence of 5 mM sorbose incorporation of [(14)C]glucose from [(14)C]uridinediphosphate glucose into glycogen by the dependent form of glycogen synthetase was completely inhibited. Thus, the paramorphogenic action of sorbose seems to result from its inhibition of these enzymes of cell-wall biosynthesis. Activities of the enzymes from the sorbose-resistant mutant, patch, were not affected by sorbose either in vivo or in vitro.
Asunto(s)
Glucosiltransferasas/metabolismo , Neurospora/enzimología , Sorbosa/farmacología , Isótopos de Carbono , Medios de Cultivo , Activación Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Glucofosfatos/metabolismo , Glucosiltransferasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Glucosiltransferasas/aislamiento & purificación , Glucógeno/biosíntesis , Hexosafosfatos/metabolismo , Neurospora crassa/efectos de los fármacos , Neurospora crassa/enzimología , Azúcares de Nucleósido Difosfato/metabolismo , Nucleótidos de Uracilo/metabolismoAsunto(s)
Glucosafosfato Deshidrogenasa , Neurospora/enzimología , Aminoácidos/análisis , Sulfato de Amonio , Fosfatos de Calcio , Fenómenos Químicos , Precipitación Química , Química , Cromatografía , Cromatografía DEAE-Celulosa , Cromatografía en Gel , Estabilidad de Medicamentos , Electroforesis Discontinua , Congelación , Fructosafosfatos , Galactosa , Geles , Glucosafosfato Deshidrogenasa/análisis , Glucosafosfato Deshidrogenasa/aislamiento & purificación , Hexosafosfatos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Hidroxiapatitas , Cinética , NAD , NADP , Neurospora crassa/enzimología , Espectrofotometría , UltracentrifugaciónRESUMEN
Biochemical and genetic evidence is presented that the rg-1 and rg-2 genes control the structure of the two isozymes of phosphoglucomutase (Phosphoglucomutase I and II) in Neurospora silophila. Results of kinetic and gel filtration studies show that the two phosphoglucomutases may exist in vitro either as separate or as a single but complex molecular species depending on the ionic concentration. The complex phosphoglucomutase molecule is suggested to be the physiologically active form of the enzyme. The change in the enzyme structure is discussed in relation to the morphological change in the ragged mutant strains.
Asunto(s)
Genes , Isoenzimas/análisis , Mutación , Neurospora/enzimología , Fosfoglucomutasa/análisis , Cromatografía DEAE-Celulosa , Cromatografía en Gel , Electroforesis , Genética Microbiana , Focalización Isoeléctrica , CinéticaRESUMEN
In addition to the Neurospora crassa mutant col-2, mutations in two other unlinked genes, balloon and frost, lead to distinct morphological growth and abnormal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases. The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases from these strains have increased thermolabilities, altered kinetic parameters, and distinctive electrofocusing patterns. The altered enzyme segregates with each morphological phenotype in crosses to wild type, and there is a correlation between the severity of the enzymic defect and the degree of morphological abnormality in heterocaryons and double mutants. These results are compatible with the hypotheses that the balloon, frost, and col-2 genes are structural genes for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and that the pleiotropic effects of these altered dehydrogenases are responsible for the mutant morphologies.
Asunto(s)
Genética Microbiana , Glucosafosfato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Neurospora/enzimología , Glucosafosfato Deshidrogenasa/aislamiento & purificación , Calor , Focalización Isoeléctrica , Cinética , Mutación , Desnaturalización ProteicaRESUMEN
The distribution and localization of structural polymers in the cell wall of Neurospora crassa has been studied by selective removal and light and electron microscope examination. Observations with the light microscope indicated that each polymer by itself can provide structural integrity to the cell wall. Examination by electron microscopy showed that the cell wall consists of an outer layer of thick fibrils, identified chemically as a glucan-peptide-galactosamine complex, and an inner layer made up of beta-1,3 glucan and thin fibrils of chitin.