RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: McCullough's (2000) theory of chronic depression posits that a hostile-submissive interpersonal style distinguishes chronically depressed individuals from those with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). This study sought to determine to what extent hostility and submissiveness feature in MDD, and whether there is evidence for a stronger effect in chronic depression. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted for research measuring the relationship between depression and hostility and/or submissiveness. A meta-analysis was carried out to determine the strength of the relationship. Separate analyses were conducted for the effects of hostility, submissiveness, and hostile-submissiveness. Subgroup analyses were performed comparing the effect sizes of chronic depression and MDD. RESULTS: Twelve studies met criteria for inclusion. Subgroup analyses revealed large effect sizes for submissiveness (dâ¯=â¯0.86) and hostile-submissiveness (dâ¯=â¯0.93) in chronic depression, and a medium effect for hostility (dâ¯=â¯0.72). MDD was associated with medium effects for hostility (dâ¯=â¯0.58) and hostile-submissiveness (dâ¯=â¯0.63), and a small effect for submissiveness (dâ¯=â¯0.40). LIMITATIONS: The review yielded a small number of papers, particularly in relation to chronic depression. The majority reported secondary analyses using baseline samples of intervention trials, with normative data as controls. Quality scores were generally low, and analyses revealed high heterogeneity, which may indicate differences between clinical populations studied. CONCLUSIONS: The review provides preliminary evidence that individuals with chronic depression are more hostile-submissive than those with MDD. Results highlight the limited research into interpersonal correlates of chronic depression.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/psicología , Relaciones Interpersonales , Enfermedad Crónica , Hostilidad , HumanosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This study investigated and compared implicit and explicit memory biases in anxiety, depression and mixed anxiety-depression. METHOD: Outpatients who were either depressed only (n=18), anxious only (n=18) or mixed (anxious and depressed) (n=18) were compared to normal controls (n=18) on self-report measures and typical experimental tasks assessing memory biases. The implicit memory test was a word identification task and the explicit memory test was an incidental free recall with depression relevant, anxiety relevant, emotional positive and neutral words. RESULTS: The depressed group showed a positive implicit memory bias and a mood-congruent bias at free recall. The anxious group presented an overall higher priming effect in the implicit memory test, whilst the mixed group exhibited no difference in the quantity of priming effect compared to normal controls and recalled more anxious relevant words than other word types. LIMITATIONS: Because of the dimensional perspective adopted in the present study, the mixed group was composed of both DSM-IV sub-threshold (n=5) and supra-threshold (n=13) patients. CONCLUSIONS: These results show a specific pattern for the mixed group and suggest that mixed anxiety-depression represents a distinct clinical group.