RESUMEN
Two new tryptophan derivatives, N-sulfonyl-L-tryptophan (tryptorheedei A) (1) and 3-(N-sulfonylindolyl)-D-lactic acid (tryptorheedei B) (2) together with the known 5-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (3), 1-O-methylglucopyranoside, entadamide A, homogentisic acid and 3-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-ß-sitosterol, were isolated from the seed kernels of Entada rheedei (Mimosaceae). Their structures were established using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and by comparison with spectroscopic data reported in the literature. Compounds 1 and 2 showed no toxicity to TZM and Human PBMC cells. Both compounds 1 and 2 were found to promote early infection events in HIV, likely by inhibiting the enzyme indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and preventing tryptophan depletion. Inhibition of IDO acutely in HIV infection inhibits viral replication, but chronic activation of IDO leads to immune impairment in AIDS. IDO is also the gatekeeper enzyme for kynurenine metabolism, a pathway involved in serotonin and melatonin biosynthesis and the regulation of glutamate and dopamine levels in the brain. Therefore inhibition of IDO might explain both the reported medicinal and neuropsychiatric effects of E. rheedei.
Asunto(s)
Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Fabaceae/química , Infecciones por VIH , Indolamina-Pirrol 2,3,-Dioxigenasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Psicotrópicos/farmacología , Triptófano/análogos & derivados , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/inmunología , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Línea Celular , Dopamina/metabolismo , Ácido Glutámico/metabolismo , VIH/efectos de los fármacos , VIH/patogenicidad , Infecciones por VIH/enzimología , Infecciones por VIH/virología , Humanos , Quinurenina/metabolismo , Leucocitos Mononucleares/efectos de los fármacos , Melatonina/biosíntesis , Estructura Molecular , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Psicotrópicos/química , Psicotrópicos/aislamiento & purificación , Semillas/química , Serotonina/biosíntesis , Triptófano/química , Triptófano/aislamiento & purificación , Triptófano/metabolismo , Triptófano/farmacología , Replicación Viral/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Kalanchoe crenata Andr. (Crassulaceae) is a fleshy herbaceous plant used in the African traditional medicine as remedies against otitis, headache, inflammations, convulsions and general debility. In the present work, the analgesic effects of methylene chloride/methanol (1:1) (CH(2)Cl(2)/CH(3)OH) extract and its hexane, methylene chloride (CH(2)Cl(2)), ethyl acetate, n-butanol fractions and aqueous residue have been evaluated using acetic acid, formalin and pressure test. The anticonvulsant effects of the CH(2)Cl(2)/CH(3)OH extract were also investigated on seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ 70 mg/kg), strychnine sulphate (STN 2.5 mg/kg) and thiosemicarbazide (TSC 50 mg/kg). CH(2)Cl(2)/CH(3)OH extract and its fractions, administered orally at the doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg, exhibited protective effect of at least 30% on the pain induced by acetic acid. The CH(2)Cl(2) fraction at 300 mg/kg showed a maximal effect of 78.49%. The CH(2)Cl(2)/CH(3)OH extract and its CH(2)Cl(2) fraction at the doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg significantly reduced the first phase of pain induced by formalin while the second phase was completely inhibited. The CH(2)Cl(2) fraction produced more than 45% reduction in the sensitivity to pain induced by pressure. The CH(2)Cl(2)/CH(3)OH extract of Kalanchoe crenata significantly increased the latency period in seizures induced by PTZ and significantly reduced the duration of seizures induced by the three convulsant agents. The extract protected 20% of animals against death in seizures induced by TSC and STN. These results suggest a peripheral and central analgesic activities as well as an anticonvulsant effect of the leaves of Kalanchoe crenata.
Asunto(s)
Analgésicos/uso terapéutico , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapéutico , Kalanchoe , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Convulsiones/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Convulsivantes/toxicidad , Femenino , Masculino , Ratones , Pentilenotetrazol/toxicidad , Hojas de la Planta/química , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Convulsiones/inducido químicamente , Semicarbacidas/toxicidadRESUMEN
Triterpenoids, ursolic acid (1) and 23-hydroxyursolic acid (2) were obtained from the hydrolysis of BuOH fraction of Cussonia bancoensis extract to test antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of C. bancoensis (Araliaceae). Compound 1 and 2 exhibited anti-nociceptive effects, which were determined by acetic acid-induced writhing test and hot plate test. The effect of 2 was much more potent in acetic acid-induced writhing test than in hot plate test. Compound 1 and 2 significantly inhibited 1%-carrageenan-induced edema in the rat. These results suggest that the two triterpenes, ursolic acid and 23-hydroxyursolic acid, are responsible for the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of C. bancoesnsis.