RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Lima is one of the more polluted cities in Latin America. High levels of PM2.5 have been shown to increase health center outpatient visits of respiratory diseases. METHODS: Health center outpatient visits for children < 5 years for childhood respiratory disease (acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI), pneumonia and acute bronchiolitis/asthma) from 498 public clinics in Lima were available on a weekly basis from 2011 to 2015 from Peru's Ministry of Health (MINSA). The association between the average weekly concentrations of PM2.5 was evaluated in relation to the number of weekly health center outpatient visits for children. Weekly PM2.5 values were estimated using a recently developed model that combined data observed from ground monitors, with data from space satellite and meteorology. Ground monitoring data came from 10 fixed stations of the Peruvian National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology (SENAMHI) and from 6 mobile stations located in San Juan de Miraflores by Johns Hopkins University. We conducted a time-series analysis using a negative binomial model. RESULTS: We found a significant association between exposure to PM2.5 and all three types of respiratory diseases, across all age groups. For an interquartile increase in PM2.5, we found an increase of 6% for acute lower respiratory infections, an increase of 16-19% for pneumonia, and an increase of 10% for acute bronchiolitis / asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Higher emissions of environmental pollutants such as PM2,5 could be a trigger for the increase of health center outpatients visits for respiratory diseases (ALRI, pneumonia and asthma), which are themselves risk factors for mortality for children in Lima province, Peru.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos/efectos adversos , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Pacientes Ambulatorios/estadística & datos numéricos , Material Particulado/efectos adversos , Trastornos Respiratorios/epidemiología , Preescolar , Ciudades , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Perú/epidemiología , Trastornos Respiratorios/inducido químicamenteRESUMEN
Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto del Extracto de Maca Negra en la Memoria Espacial Visual (MEV) en ratones machos orquidectomizados. Material y Métodos: Se utilizaron 61 ratones machos de la cepa Swiss de 3 meses de edad, de los cuales 25 ratones fueron sometidos a orquidectomía. El tratamiento duró 55 días, en el que se administró extracto atomizado de Lepidium meyenii (Maca Negra). La dosis fue equivalente a 1g de hipocótilo seco/kg de peso corporal. La prueba de nado de Morris se aplicó desde el día 50 hasta el día 55 (5 días). Resultados: El peso corporal del grupo de ratones castrados y tratados con el extracto atomizado de Maca Negra (CTX-MN) disminuyó significativamente al final del tratamiento (p<0.05) con respecto al grupo control (CTZ-MN). En la prueba de Nado de Morris, el tiempo de Latencia de Escape disminuyó en los ratones orquidectomizados y tratados con el extracto atomizado de Maca Negra (CTX-MN) con respecto al grupo control (CTX) en el quinto día de prueba (p<0.05). Conclusiones: El extracto atomizado de Maca Negra mejora la Memoria Espacial Visual (MEV) disminuyendo el tiempo de Latencia de escape en la prueba de nado de Morris en ratones deficientes de andrógenos.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Ratones , Ratones , Extractos Vegetales , Lepidium , Memoria , OrquiectomíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This school-based study explored associations between Mexican young people's condom use, other sexual behaviors, and HIV/AIDS knowledge. METHODS: Students (n=13,293, 11-24 years of age) from a random sample of public schools in the central Mexican state of Morelos completed a self-administered questionnaire. We performed logistic regression analysis of condom use and sexual behavior variables and a knowledge-based index on HIV/AIDS prevention and transmission. RESULTS: Average age at sexual debut was 13.6 +/- 1.9 years among young men and 14.2 +/- 2.2 years among young women; 34.5% of sample participants reported using condoms during their first sexual intercourse. More students had intermediate HIV/AIDS knowledge levels (46%, 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 45.2-46.9) than high levels (37%, 95% CI 36.2-37.8, p <0.01). Students knew more concerning HIV transmission than about prevention of HIV infection. Among young men, high levels of HIV/AIDS knowledge increased likelihood of condom use (odds ratio [OR] 1.4, 95% CI, 1.1-1.7), while among young women high levels of knowledge decreased likelihood of using condoms (OR 0.7, 95% CI, 0.5-1.0). Young men with high levels of HIV/AIDS knowledge were more likely to have had three or more sexual partners (OR 1.7, 95% CI, 1.3-2.2), but young women with high knowledge levels were more likely to have only one lifetime sexual partner (OR 0.6, 95% CI, 0.4-0.9). CONCLUSIONS: As in previous studies in smaller samples, levels of knowledge with regard to HIV/AIDS were low in Mexican youth. HIV/AIDS education programs for Mexican students should focus on conveying knowledge on HIV prevention. Because apparently knowledge is not directly correlated with condom use among young women, prevention strategies that deal with social acceptability of condoms and social skills related with condom negotiation are also needed.