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RESUMEN Introducción: En la región del Caribe colombiano es escasa la evidencia sobre infección de pie diabético que apoye la toma de decisiones basada en datos propios y se desconoce el comportamiento microbiológico actual de este tipo de infección. Métodos: Estudio corte transversal que incluyó pacientes con infección de pie diabético atendidos en un hospital de referencia de tercer nivel de la región del Caribe colombiano, entre septiembre de 2021 y mayo de 2022. Se extrajeron datos sociodemográficos, clínicos y microbiológicos del paciente y su infección. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y cálculo de razón de prevalencia (RP), para identificar factores asociados con desenlaces desfavorables. Resultados: Un total de 149 pacientes fueron incluidos. El 61,8 % de la muestra era de sexo masculino, con una mediana de edad de 61 años. Predominó la infección moderada a severa (67,8 %). Pseudomona aeruginosa (18,1%), Escherichia coli (13,5 %) y Staphylococcus aureus (12,8 %), fueron los agentes más frecuentes encontrados. El 44,2 % de los microorganismos demostró resistencia. El tabaquismo (p <0,001), antecedente de amputación (p <0,001), la cronicidad de la úlcera (p <0,001) y el ingreso a cuidado intensivo (p <0,001) se asociaron significativamente con mortalidad, amputación, resistencia microbiana y diagnóstico de osteomielitis por imagen. Conclusión: En la región del Caribe colombiano, la infección por pie diabético es predominante en hombres de mediana edad, con presentación moderada a severa, causada principalmente por bacterias gramnegativas y enterobacterias y, el tabaquismo y el ingreso a cuidado intensivo son los factores asociados de manera más significativa a desenlaces desfavorables.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In the Colombian Caribbean region, there is scarce evidence on diabetic foot infection to support decision making based on the patient's own data, and the current microbiological behavior of this type of infection is unknown. Methods: Cross-sectional study that included patients with diabetic foot infection treated at a third level referral hospital in the Colombian Caribbean region, between September 2021 and May 2022. Sociodemographic, clinical and microbiological data on the patient and his infection were extracted. A descriptive analysis and prevalence ratio (PR) calculation were performed to identify factors associated with unfavorable outcomes. Results: A total of 149 patients were included. The 61.8% of the sample was male, with a median age of 61 years. Moderate to severe infection predominated (67.8 %). Pseudomona aeruginosa (18.1 %), Escherichia coli (13.5 %), and Staphylococcus aureus (12.8 %) were the most frequent agents found. 44.2 % of the microorganisms showed resistance. Smoking (p <0.001), history of amputation (p <0.001), chronicity of ulcer (p <0.001) and admission to intensive care (p <0.001) were significantly associated with mortality, amputation, microbial resistance and diagnosis of osteomyelitis by imaging Conclusions: In the Colombian Caribbean region, diabetic foot infection is predominant in middle-aged men, with moderate to severe presentation, mainly caused by gram-negative bacteria and enterobacteria, and smoking and admission to intensive care are the factors most significantly associated with unfavorable outcomes.

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Honey adulteration is a common practice that affects food quality and sale prices, and certifying the origin of the honey using non-destructive methods is critical. Guindo Santo and Quillay are fundamental for the honey production of Biobío and the Ñuble region in Chile. Furthermore, Guindo Santo only exists in this area of the world. Therefore, certifying honey of this species is crucial for beekeeper communities-mostly natives-to give them advantages and competitiveness in the global market. To solve this necessity, we present a system for detecting adulterated endemic honey that combines different artificial intelligence networks with a confocal optical microscope and a tunable optical filter for hyperspectral data acquisition. Honey samples artificially adulterated with syrups at concentrations undetectable to the naked eye were used for validating different artificial intelligence models. Comparing Linear discriminant analysis (LDA), Support vector machine (SVM), and Neural Network (NN), we reach the best average accuracy value with SVM of 93% for all classes in both kinds of honey. We hope these results will be the starting point of a method for honey certification in Chile in an automated way and with high precision.

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A 62-year-old man was admitted to the hospital due to sepsis secondary to a hemodialysis catheter-related infection that, upon diagnostic evaluation, demonstrated to be caused by P. aeruginosa and was treated with meropenem. Eradication of the infectious episode was confirmed by blood workup, including cultures. One month after the initial episode, the patient was readmitted due to a symptomatic penetrating aortic ulcer, which was classified as a cardiovascular emergency. The patient underwent an aortic stent-graft placement. Four weeks later, he presented to the emergency department with a 2-hour onset of thoracic pain and massive hematemesis. The esophagus and aortic segment with aortic stent graft were resected en bloc after an aortoesophageal fistula was diagnosed.

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A new series of 13 pyrazole-derivative compounds with potential antifungal activity were synthetized with good yields. The series have the (E)-2-((1-(R)-3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)diazenyl)phenol general structure and were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis, FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and two-dimensional NMR experiments. This experimental characterization was complemented by DFT simulations. A deep insight regarding molecular reactivity was accomplished employing a conceptual DFT approach. In this sense, dual descriptors were calculated at HF and DFT level of theory and GGV spin-density Fukui functions. The main reactive region within the molecules was mapped through isosurface and condensed representations. Finally, chemical descriptors that have previously shown to be close related to biological activity were compared within the series. Thus, higher values of chemical potential ω and electrophilicity χ obtained for compounds 10, 9, 8, 6 and 7, in this order, suggest that these molecules are the better candidates as biological agents.

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Recent advances in ultrasound technology have made modern handheld ultrasound devices and are contributing to make bedside ultrasound evaluation a practice available to all physicians. A 46-year-old woman with history of systemic erythematosus presented to our hospital with 14 days of COVID-19. The patient suddenly presented greater respiratory distress, tachycardia, hypotension, and increased supplemental oxygen requirements; so she required mechanical ventilation. Point-of-care ultrasound assessment with handheld ultrasound device was observed on the apical view an apical thrombus in the right ventricle, McConnell's sign. The patient underwent systemic thrombolysis with alteplase showing improvement in mechanical ventilation parameters and is currently continuing treatment for COVID-19 in the intensive care unit of our hospital. Emerging technologies such as handheld ultrasound devices can provide high-quality care to the patients. Routine screening of patients with COVID-19 using handheld ultrasound is feasible, may be able to define prognosis and treatment of cardiovascular complications.

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INTRODUCCIÓN. El posicionamiento prono es una de las estrategias ventilatorias más estudiadas y difundidas de la medicina intensiva, forma parte del manejo de ventilación protectiva con impacto en disminución de la mortalidad en pacientes con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda. OBJETIVO. Revisar la evidencia disponible acerca de ventilación en posición prona en pacientes con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda, enfocada en el análisis fisiopatológico y clínico. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en la base de datos de buscadores académicos como PubMed, Google Scholar y Elsevier, en los idiomas español e inglés, en el período comprendido entre los años 1970-2020; se seleccionaron 16 publicaciones en texto completo: 3 metaanálisis, 10 estudios randomizado, 3 revisiones sistemáticas. CONCLUSIÓN. En base a la evidencia y percepción recopilada de la experiencia de los autores, la ventilación en posición prona es una estrategia de manejo de primera línea, fiable, que no requiere para su empleo equipamiento costoso ni complejo y ha demostrado mejoría en desenlaces relevantes en el tratamiento del paciente crítico respiratorio como disminución en la mortalidad y optimización de los parámetros ventilatorios y de oxigenación.

INTRODUCTION. Prone positioning is one of the most studied and widespread ventilatory strategies in intensive medicine, it is part of protective ventilation management with an impact on mortality reduction in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. OBJECTIVE. To review the available evidence about ventilation in the prone position in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, focused on the pathophysiological and clinical analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A bibliographic review was carried out in the databases of academic search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Elsevier, in the Spanish and English languages, in the period between the years 1970-2020, 16 full text publications were selected: 3 meta-analyses, 10 randomized studies, 3 systematic reviews. CONCLUSION. Based on the evidence and perception gathered from the authors' experience, prone ventilation is a reliable first-line management strategy that does not require costly or complex equipment for its use and has demonstrated improvements in relevant outcomes in the treatment of the critically ill respiratory patient, such as decreased mortality and optimization of ventilatory and oxygenation parameters.

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Amyloid angiopathy (AA) is a selective deposition of amyloid in the walls of the brain vessels. It is a form of sporadic and localized amyloidosis, constituted by the Aß4 protein, the same of Alzheimer's disease senile plaques. The most consistent clinical effect of AA is spontaneous brain hemorrhage (BH). It is the second most common cause of BH after arterial hypertension (HT). Other clinical manifestations are cognitive impairment and transient focal neurological episodes. AA BH is characteristically localized in the cerebral cortex and subcortical white matter (lobar hemorrhage), consistent with the preferential deposit of amyloid in the walls of leptomeningeal and intracortical small cerebral vessels. Other types of AA hemorrhagic complications are microbleeds (MB), cerebral convexity subarachnoid hemorrhage (cSAH) and superficial hemosiderosis (cSS). The diagnosis of AA BH is based on the Boston criteria. Using these criteria, several non-hemorrhagic biomarkers of AA have been identified that can be useful in its diagnosis. The principal AA BH risk factor is age, followed by cSS, MB, Apolipoprotein E gen ε2 and ε4 alleles, HT and the use of antithrombotics. This condition has a high recurrence rate that shares the same risk factors. There is no specific treatment for AA BH. It has a better prognosis than HT BH during the acute period, but worse on the long term, due to its high recurrence rate and cognitive impairment.

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Amyloid angiopathy (AA) is a selective deposition of amyloid in the walls of the brain vessels. It is a form of sporadic and localized amyloidosis, constituted by the Aβ4 protein, the same of Alzheimer's disease senile plaques. The most consistent clinical effect of AA is spontaneous brain hemorrhage (BH). It is the second most common cause of BH after arterial hypertension (HT). Other clinical manifestations are cognitive impairment and transient focal neurological episodes. AA BH is characteristically localized in the cerebral cortex and subcortical white matter (lobar hemorrhage), consistent with the preferential deposit of amyloid in the walls of leptomeningeal and intracortical small cerebral vessels. Other types of AA hemorrhagic complications are microbleeds (MB), cerebral convexity subarachnoid hemorrhage (cSAH) and superficial hemosiderosis (cSS). The diagnosis of AA BH is based on the Boston criteria. Using these criteria, several non-hemorrhagic biomarkers of AA have been identified that can be useful in its diagnosis. The principal AA BH risk factor is age, followed by cSS, MB, Apolipoprotein E gen ε2 and ε4 alleles, HT and the use of antithrombotics. This condition has a high recurrence rate that shares the same risk factors. There is no specific treatment for AA BH. It has a better prognosis than HT BH during the acute period, but worse on the long term, due to its high recurrence rate and cognitive impairment.

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We report the synthesis and theoretical study of two new colorimetric chemosensors with special selectivity and sensitivity to Ni2+ and Cu2+ ions over other metal cations in the CH3CN/H2O solution. Compounds (E)-4-((2-nitrophenyl)diazenyl)-N,N-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)aniline (A) and (E)-4-((3-nitrophenyl)diazenyl)-N,N-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)aniline (B) exhibited a drastic color change from yellow to colorless, which allows the detection of the mentioned metal cations through different techniques. The interaction of sensors with these metal ions induced a new absorption band with a hypsochromic shift to the characteristic signal of the free sensors. A theoretical study via time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) was performed. This method has enabled us to reproduce the hypsochromic shift in the maximum UV-vis absorption band and explain the selective sensing of the ions. For all of the systems studied, the absorption band is characterized by a π → π* transition centered in the ligand. Instead of Ni2+ and Cu2+ ions, the transition is set toward the σ* molecular orbital with a strong contribution of the 3dx2-y2 transition (π → 3dx2-y2). These absorptions imply a ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) mechanism that results in the hypsochromic shift in the absorption band of these systems.

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The human red blood cell (RBC) membrane has significant elastic capabilities which can be described measuring typical membrane edge fluctuations and mechanical properties by optical techniques. The RBC elastic properties can be affected by changes in the surrounding media. In an attempt to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the interaction of resveratrol with the red cell membrane and of its antioxidant capacity the changes in mechanical properties of the RBC membrane were analyzed. These studies were carried out through measurements of RBC membrane fluctuations in the presence of the oxidant agent HClO using thermal fluctuation spectroscopy (TFS). The observed results showed that the elastic capabilities of RBC changed with low concentration of hypochlorous acid but without morphological changes. However, in the presence of resveratrol the deformation and decrease of elastic capabilities induced by HClO on RBC decreased. These in vitro results demonstrated the protective effect of RV against the detrimental effects triggered by HClO upon human erythrocytes.

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Digital photonic sensors have greatly evolved to maximize sensitivity and spatial, spectral, and temporal imaging resolution. For low-energy photons, new designs have generated new types of noise that degrade the formed-image signal-to-noise ratio to values lower than 1. Fixed-pattern noise (FPN), which is produced by the non-uniform focal-plane-array optoelectronics response, is an ill-posed problem in infrared and hyperspectral imaging science. Here, we experimentally show that the FPN behaves as an object at a depth of infinity when a light field is captured by an imaging system. The proposed method is based on the capture of the light field of a scene and digital refocusing to any nearby objects in the scene. Unlike standard techniques for FPN reduction, our method does not require knowledge of the physical parameters of the optoelectronic transducer, the motion scene, or the presence of off-line blackbody sources. The ability of the proposed method to reduce FPN is measured by evaluating the structural similarity (SSIM) index employing a blackbody-based FPN reduction technique as a reference. This new interpretation of the FPN opens avenues to create new cameras for low-energy photons with the ability to perform denoising by digital refocusing.

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El objetivo es evaluar y comparar el desarrollo motor grueso y el estado nutricional, entre preescolares con pre-sencia y ausencia de transición I, que cursan el nivel de transición II. El método: muestra total de 39 niños(as), en edades de 4 y 5 años, correspondiente a un diseño no experimental, descriptivo, transversal, con un enfoque cuantitativo. El estado nutricional, se calculó por medio del índice de masa corporal y para las habilidades motoras gruesas se utilizó la batería motriz, TGMD-2. Los resultados en cuanto al desarrollo motor grueso, presentan dife-rencias a favor del grupo con presencia de transición I en las pruebas de subtest locomotor y de control de objetos; galopar, salto, batear una bola estacionaria, drible estacionario y tomar el balón, las cuales no alcanzan a ser esta-dísticamente significativas en el coeficiente motor total entre ambos grupos. Con respecto al estado nutricional, un 55% de quienes cursaron transición I se encuentran entre sobrepeso y obesidad, mientras que un 26.3% de quienes no lo cursaron se encuentran en esta categoría. Conclusión: en el estado nutricional ambos grupos obtuvieron va-lores similares, quienes cursaron el nivel transición I obtienen mejores resultados en algunas pruebas, diferencias que no alcanzan a ser estadísticamente significativas.

The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare gross motor development and nutritional status among preschool children with presence and absence in transition level I, going through transition level 2. Method: A total sample of 39 children, aged between 4 and 5 years old, corresponding to a non-experimental, descriptive, cross-sectional design with a quantitative approach. The measurement of the nutritional status was calculated by the use of the body mass index (B.M.I) and gross motor skills by the use of a motor battery, TGMD-2. Results: as for gross motor development, there are differences which favor the group with transition I presence in the locomo-tive and object control subtests; galloping, jumping, hitting a stationary ball, steady dribbling and taking the ball, which cannot reach a statistically significant level in regards to the total motor coefficient between both groups. With regards to nutritional status, 55% of the students who went through transition I are found in the overweight and obese category, while 26.3% of those who did not go through it are in this category. Conclusion: In terms of the nutritional status, both groups obtained similar values; those who went through the level I transition obtained better results in some tests. These are differences which cannot be considered statistically significant.

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BACKGROUND: Salicylates intolerance is related to alteration in the metabolism of arachidonic acid leading to increased leukotrienes. The condition may be manifested with respiratory, skin or systemic symptoms or associated with sinonasal polyposis. Salicylates are present in anti-inflammatory drugs, cosmetics products and food. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of salicylates intolerance in patients with sinonasal polyposis presenting to Clinical Immunology and Allergy and Otolaryngology Service, CMN 20 Noviembre, Mexico City. MATERIAL AND METHOD: An observational, descriptive, cross sectional study included patients with sinonasal polyposis. The sample size was 49 patients, and variables were compared using STATISTICA 8.0. RESULTS: The prevalence of sinonasal polyposis was 4% of the study group, predominantly in females; only 24% of the population had an ideal weight, the salicylates intolerance prevalence was 53%, and the Samter triad was 31%. CONCLUSIONS: Sinonasal polyposis has an inflammatory disease pattern. Its pathophysiology is not yet fully established and in this study was related to obesity and persistent sinusitis. The most feared complication recurrence is associated with salicylates intolerance. The study found a slight increase of recurrence in the group of intolerance, with no statistically significant difference, possibly related to the sample size.

Antecedentes: la intolerancia a salicilatos se relaciona con la alteración en el metabolismo del ácido araquidónico, desencadenando incremento de cisteinil leucotrienos; puede manifestarse con síntomas respiratorios, cutáneos, sistémicos o asociado con poliposis nasosinusal. Los salicilatos están contenidos en antiinflamatorios, productos cosméticos y alimentos. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de la intolerancia a salicilatos en pacientes con poliposis nasosinusal que acuden al Servicio de Inmunología Clínica y Alergia y al servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Centro Médico Nacional 20 Noviembre, ISSSTE. Material y método: estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, en el que se incluyeron pacientes con poliposis nasosinusal. El tamaño de la muestra fue de 49 pacientes, las variables se compararon utilizando STATISTICA 8.0. Resultados: la prevalencia de poliposis nasosinusal fue de 4%, fue mayor en el género femenino; sólo 24% de la población se encontraba en un peso ideal, la prevalencia de intolerancia a salicilatos fue de 53%, la prevalencia de la tríada de Samter fue de 31%. Conclusiones: la poliposis nasosinusal es una enfermedad con patrón inflamatorio, su fisiopatología aún no se establece totalmente; en este estudio se encontró relacionada con obesidad y con la persistencia de sinusitis. La complicación más temida es la recurrencia, se ha relacionado con intolerancia a salicilatos; en este estudio se encontró leve incremento de la recurrencia en el grupo de intolerancia, sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa, posiblemente relacionado con el tamaño de la población.

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BACKGROUND: Spirometry is a very useful clinical test to evaluate pulmonary function in asthmatic patients. However, pulmonary function could be affected by the sex, time of clinical evolution, lung age (LA) and chronological age (CA). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate LA/CA as index of clinical improvement or severity in asthmatic patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A prospective study was done where asthma severity was evaluated according to GINA classification. Spirometry was performed at the beginning of this study, at 46, 96, 192 days and after 10 months. Statistical analysis was performed using t test, two-way ANOVA test, correlation and multiple regression models as well as ROC curves were also performed, a p<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Seventy asthmatic patients were included (22 male and 48 female), mean CA was 35-years; mean LA was 48-years with a LA/CA index=1.4, time of clinical evolution was 13 years. A LA/CA index=1 (range 0.5 to 0.9) was observed in asymptomatic patients. LA/CA index over 1 were related with airway inflammation, and a LA/CA index higher than 2 correlated with GINA step 3. Interestingly when we analyzed CA and LA, we observed in female group a higher than 10 years difference between CA and LA (GINA step 2 and 3); while in male we observed (GINA step 1, step 2 and step 3). LA/CA index less than or equal to 1 was considered normal. CONCLUSIONS: LA/CA index could be used as clinical indicator of clinical improvement or severity in asthma patients in both, male and female, with excellent correlation of pulmonary function and age.

Antecedentes: la espirometría es una prueba clínica que se utiliza para evaluar la función pulmonar en asmáticos. La función pulmonar puede estar afectada por el género, tiempo de evolución clínica, edad pulmonar y edad cronológica. Objetivo: evaluar la relación edad pulmonar-edad cronológica (EP/EC) como indicador de gravedad en pacientes asmáticos. Material y método: estudio prospectivo en el que se evaluó la gravedad del asma mediante la clasificación GINA. La espirometría se realizó al inicio del estudio y a los días 46, 96 y 192, durante 10 meses de seguimiento. Se usaron la prueba t Student, ANOVA de dos vías, modelos de correlación y regresión múltiple y curvas ROC; un valor p<0.05 se consideró significativo. Resultados: se incluyeron 70 pacientes asmáticos (22 hombres y 48 mujeres); la media de la edad cronológica (EC) fue de 35 años, la media de la edad pulmonar (EP) fue de 48 años, con valor del indicador EP-EC=1.4 y la evolución clínica de la enfermedad fue de 13 años. El valor del indicador EP-EC=1 (intervalo de 0.5 a 0.9) se observó en pacientes asintomáticos. El indicador EP-EC mayor a 1 se relacionó con obstrucción de la vía aérea y el indicador EP-EC mayor a 2 se correlacionó con grado 3 de GINA. El análisis de la edad cronológica y pulmonar en las mujeres demostró diferencia de más de 10 años entre ambas edades (GINA grados 2 y 3); mientras que en los hombres se observaron (GINA grados 1, 2 y 3). El valor del indicador EP-EC menor o igual que 1 se consideró normal. Conclusiones: la relación edad pulmonar-edad cronológica puede usarse como indicador clínico de la gravedad y mejoría clínica de pacientes asmáticos, con buena correlación entre la función pulmonar y la edad cronológica.

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C. Miller Fisher MD, one of the great neurologists in the 20th century, died in April 2012. Born in Canada, he studied medicine at the University of Toronto. As a Canadian Navy medical doctor he participated in World War II and was a war prisoner from 1941 to 1944. He did a residency in neurology at the Montreal Neurological Institute between 1946 and 1948, and later on was a Fellow in Neurology and Neuropathology at the Boston City Hospital. In 1954 he entered the Massachusetts General Hospital as a neurologist and neuropathologist, where he remained until his retirement, in 2005. His academic career ended as Professor Emeritus at Harvard University. His area of special interest in neurology was cerebrovascular disease (CVD). In 1954 he created the first Vascular Neurology service in the world and trained many leading neurologists on this field. His scientific contributions are present in more than 250 publications, as journal articles and book chapters. Many of his articles, certainly not restricted to CVD, were seminal in neurology. Several concepts and terms that he coined are currently used in daily clinical practice. The chapters on CVD, in seven consecutive editions of Harrison's Internal Medicine textbook, are among his highlights. His death was deeply felt by the neurological community.

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La Insuficiencia Renal Crónica Permanente, (IRCP) ha tenido un incremento a nivel mundial, que ha llevado a una crecida demanda de los servicios de diálisis y transplante renal, por lo que es necesario, la introducción de sistemas de monitorización de la dosis real de diálisis "Adecuación" con el fin de prevenir las complicaciones de la uremia crónica y acceder al transplante renal en las mejores condiciones; es por eso que proponemos medir la "Tasa de Reducción de la Urea" (U.R.R) 65-70%. El propósito del estudio es valorar la "Calidad de Diálisis" que prestamos a los pacientes de Diálisis de la C.N.S en sus dos modalidades: Hemodiálisis (HD) y Diálisis Peritoneal (DP), aplicando la U.R.R. con una toma de muestra (Urea pre y pos Diálisis). Es un estudio transversal y descriptivo. En la Unidad de Diálisis son un total de 75 pacientes de los cuales 63 están en HD ,12 en DP. La U.R.R alcanzada en HD fue de 51-69% y >70%, en DP fue < 50%. La mejor U.R.R >70% se alcanzó en el sexo femenino, con 4 hrs, trisemanal, con catéter permanente, con un flujo de bomba (QB) >300, con un rehuso <6 del dializador, con un peso interdialítico < 1 Kg, con una Hb entre 11-13 g/dl, con actividad sin limitaciones según el índice de KARNOFSKY, se asocia a mejor calidad de vida. Más del 60% de los pacientes en nuestro estudio alcanzó una U.R.R. < 70% (KDOQI). Por lo que podemos concluir que la U.R.R. es un instrumento útil para determinar Diálisis Adecuada, pero como valor absoluto único, no correlaciona con el pronóstico de los pacientes, además se recomienda cumplir normas internacionales por demás documentadas con evidencia científica.

The Permanent CKD (IRCP) has been a worldwide increase, which has led to increased demands of dialysis services and kidney transplantation, as necessary, the introduction of systems for monitoring the actual dose dialysis "ade-quacy" in order to prevent the complications of chronic uremia and renal transplantation access in the best conditions, that is why we propose to measure the "rate of urea reduction (URR) 65-70%. The purpose of this study is to assess the "Quality of Dialysis" we provide dialysis patients the CNS on both HD and SD modes, using the URR with sampling (pre and post Diálisis Urea). It is an transversal and descriptive study. In the Dialysis Unit are a total of 75 patients, of whom 63 are in HD, 12 PD. The URR achieved in HD was 51-69% and> 70% by DP was <50%. The best URR> 70% was reached in the female, 4 hrs, three times a week, with a permanent catheter with a pump flow (QB)> 300, with a refuse <6 dialyzer with interdialytic weight <1 kg, with Hb 11-13 g / di, with no activity limitations according to the Karnofsky index, is associated with better quality of life. Over 60% of the patients studied achieved a URR <70% (KDOQI). So we can conclude that the U.R.R. is a useful tool to determine adequate dialysis, but only as an absolute valué, does not correlate with the prognosis of patients also meet international standards recommended by other documented evidence.

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Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a prevalent disease that has emerged as a new cerebrovascular disease (CVD) risk factor, which is independent of its association to hypertension, age and other known conditions that increase CVD. The mechanisms involved in this relation are most likely induced by the periodic hypoxia/reoxygenation that characteristically occurs in OSA, which results in oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and activation of the inflammatory cascade, all of which favor atherogenesis. Numerous markers of these changes have been reported in OSA patients, including increased circulating free radicals, increased lipid peroxidation, decreased antioxidant capacity, elevation of tumor necrosis factor and interleukines, increased levels of proinflammatory nuclear transcription factor kappa B, decreased circulating nitric oxide, elevation of vascular adhesion molecules and vascular endothelial growth factor. In addition, several authors have described that Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, the standard OSA therapy, reverts these abnormalities. Further research is needed in order to better clarify the complex mechanisms that underlie the relation between OSA, atherogenesis and CVD which most likely will have significant clinical impact.

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menciona que es necesario la implantación de lineaminetos para que la Corte Departamental Electoral de la Paz, considere al momento de determinar, a través de indagaciones y estudios de mercado, los precios referenciales para todos los procesos de contratación de bienes, obras y servicios generales, velando por el cumplimiento de los principios establecidos en el D.S. 27328

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O objetivo do artigo é resgatar a trajetória da problemática do desenvolvimento local desde os estudos sobre a industrialização difusa até suas modalidades políticas mais recentes e programas territoriais descentralizados nos anos 90. Do ponto de vista analítico, o artigo procura mostrar o deslocamento conceitual produzido pela incorporação do tema das estruturas de governança e dos mecanismos de regulação social. Do ponto de vista empírico, analisa o perfil das intervenções fundadas na lógica da concertação social no caso dos pactos territoriais na Itália, sublinhando suas inovações, diversidade e o peso das dimensões históricas e político-institucionais.

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