RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of furosemide combined with hydration therapy on the incidence and prognosis of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) in patients after coronary intervention. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Through the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases, all relevant literature from database establishment until October 1, 2020, was retrieved and screened. Quality evaluation was performed using the risk of bias evaluation tool recommended by the Cochrane Collaboration network, data extraction was performed based on pre-selected effect indicators, and statistics were calculated using Review Manager 5.3 analysis software. RESULTS: A total of 2084 patients in 9 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed that furosemide combined with hydrotherapy had no effect on the incidence of CI-AKI (OR = 0.85, 95% CI [0.46, 1.60], p = 0.62) and can significantly decrease the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) (OR = 0.43, 95% CI [0.27, 0.67], p = 0.0003) and mortality (OR = 0.24, 95% CI [0.08, 0.79], p = 0.02) in patients. However, it had no significant impact on the need for postoperative dialysis treatment, postoperative creatinine level or length of hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: Furosemide combined with hydration therapy has no significant effect on the incidence of CI-AKI in patients after coronary intervention but can reduce the incidence of MACEs and mortality, thereby providing clinical benefits.

Asunto(s)

Lesión Renal Aguda/terapia , Fluidoterapia , Furosemida/uso terapéutico , Lesión Renal Aguda/cirugía , Humanos , Intervención Coronaria Percutánea

RESUMEN

Symptom management is one of the primary goals of care for advanced pancreatic cancer (APC) patients. The purpose of this study was to examine recorded healthcare encounters to better understand the symptom experiences of APC patients as told to healthcare providers (HCP). In this qualitative descriptive study, content analysis was used to analyze 37 transcripts of audio-recorded, naturally occurring encounters among APC patients, caregivers, and HCP. Transcripts were drawn from a larger randomized controlled study, which recruited advanced cancer patients and caregivers across the United States. Findings revealed that APC patients and caregivers experienced multiple troubling symptoms. Thirty-seven APC patients and 34 caregivers discussed 10 types of symptoms: pain, fatigue, abnormal bowel movements, decreased appetite, nausea and vomiting, sleeping problems, neurological problems, skin problems, psychological distress, and taste changes. The patients and caregivers discussed various aspects of the symptoms, including the nature of the symptoms, how the symptoms affected their lives, and the way they managed symptoms. Some symptoms were described as severe, life-changing, and highly distressing. HCP should be attuned to the wide variety of ways in which APC patients experience, manage, and live with symptoms. A systematic approach to address symptoms during encounters may improve care and efficiency.

Asunto(s)

Neoplasias Pancreáticas/complicaciones , Estrés Psicológico/etiología , Evaluación de Síntomas , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/psicología , Investigación Cualitativa , Estados Unidos

RESUMEN

Communication is closely related to safe practice and patient outcomes. Given that most clinicians fall into routines when communicating with patients, it is important to address communication issues early. This study explores Taiwanese nursing students' experiences of communication with patients with cancer and their families. Senior nursing students who had cared for cancer patients were recruited to participate in focus group interviews. These semi-structured interviews were recorded and transcribed for content analysis. Among the 45 participants, about 36% of them never received any communication training. Up to 76% of the participants stated that their communication with cancer patients was difficult and caused them emotional stress. Subsequent data analysis revealed four themes: disengagement, reluctance, regression and transition. Students' negative communication experiences were related to the patients' terminally ill situation; the students' lack of training, low self-efficacy and power status, poor emotional regulation, and cultural considerations. The findings of this study provide a deeper understanding of nursing students' communication experiences in oncology settings within the cultural context. Early and appropriate communication training is necessary to help students regulate their emotions and establish effective communication skills. Further studies are needed to examine the relationship among students' emotional labour, communication skills and outcomes.

Asunto(s)

Barreras de Comunicación , Neoplasias/enfermería , Relaciones Enfermero-Paciente , Estudiantes de Enfermería/psicología , Reacción de Prevención , Cuidadores , Miedo/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias/psicología , Rechazo en Psicología , Autoeficacia , Adulto Joven

RESUMEN

Natural killer (NK) cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) has been linked to protection from HIV infection and slower progression towards AIDS. However, antibody-dependent activation of NK cells results in phenotypical alterations similar to those observed on NK cells from individuals with progressive HIV infection. Activation of NK cells induces matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-mediated cleavage of cell surface CD16. In the present study we assessed the phenotype and functional profile of NK cells exhibiting post-activation MMP-mediated CD16 cleavage. We found that NK cells achieving the highest levels of activation during stimulation exhibit the most profound decreases in CD16 expression. Further, we observed that educated KIR3DL1(+) NK cells from human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-Bw4-carrying donors exhibit larger decreases in CD16 expression post-activation than the KIR3DL1(-) NK cell subset containing cells educated via other inhibitory receptor/ligand combinations and non-educated NK cells. Lastly, we assessed the ex-vivo expression of CD16 on educated KIR3DL1(+) NK cells and the KIR3DL1(-) NK cell subset from HLA-Bw4-carrying HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected donors. Suggestive of in-vivo activation of KIR3DL1(+) NK cells during HIV infection, CD16 expression was higher on KIR3DL1(+) than KIR3DL1(-) NK cells in uninfected donors but similar on both subsets in HIV-infected donors. These results are discussed in the context of how they may assist with understanding HIV disease progression and the design of immunotherapies that utilize antibody-dependent NK cell responses.

Asunto(s)

Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Metaloproteinasas de la Matriz/inmunología , ARN Viral/sangre , Receptores de IgG/inmunología , Anticuerpos/farmacología , Citotoxicidad Celular Dependiente de Anticuerpos , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Proteínas Ligadas a GPI/genética , Proteínas Ligadas a GPI/inmunología , Expresión Génica , Infecciones por VIH/genética , Infecciones por VIH/patología , Infecciones por VIH/virología , VIH-1/inmunología , Antígenos HLA-B/genética , Antígenos HLA-B/inmunología , Prueba de Histocompatibilidad , Humanos , Inmunofenotipificación , Células Asesinas Naturales/efectos de los fármacos , Células Asesinas Naturales/patología , Células Asesinas Naturales/virología , Activación de Linfocitos , Metaloproteinasas de la Matriz/genética , Fenotipo , Cultivo Primario de Células , Proteolisis , Receptores de IgG/genética , Receptores KIR3DL1/genética , Receptores KIR3DL1/inmunología , Transducción de Señal , Carga Viral

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: To investigate the role of the synthetic steroid tibolone in the progression of osteoarthritis (OA) and in nociceptive behaviour in an experimental rat model of OA and ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis. METHODS: OA was induced in Wistar rats by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) of the right knee. Osteoporosis was induced by bilateral OVX. Groups of animals were subjected to ACLT, OVX, sham or OVX + ACLT. In addition, two groups were subjected to OVX + ACLT surgeries and were orally administered 0.1 or 0.5 mg tibolone every other day for 14 consecutive weeks, starting 6 weeks after surgery. Nociceptive behaviours (secondary mechanical allodynia and weight-bearing distribution of the hind paws) were analysed prior to and every 3 weeks after surgery up to 24 weeks. At 24 weeks, histopathological studies were performed on the cartilage and synovial membranes of the knee joints, and bone metabolism was assessed by measuring serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase. RESULTS: Rats undergoing ACLT or OVX + ACLT surgeries showed obvious OA changes in the joints. Animals subjected to ACLT + OVX and treated with tibolone had significantly less cartilage degeneration and synovitis and showed improved nociceptive tests compared with animals undergoing ACLT + OVX surgeries alone. OVX increased the severity of the ACLT-induced OA changes. There was a significant increase in serum alkaline phosphatase in the tibolone-treated ACLT + OVX groups. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with tibolone attenuated the development of OA, concomitantly reduced nociception and increased serum alkaline phosphatase in ACLT + OVX rats.

Asunto(s)

Analgésicos/uso terapéutico , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Dolor Nociceptivo/tratamiento farmacológico , Dolor Nociceptivo/psicología , Norpregnenos/uso terapéutico , Osteoartritis/tratamiento farmacológico , Moduladores Selectivos de los Receptores de Estrógeno/uso terapéutico , Animales , Lesiones del Ligamento Cruzado Anterior , Huesos/efectos de los fármacos , Huesos/metabolismo , Femenino , Articulaciones/patología , Osteoartritis/patología , Ovariectomía , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Soporte de Peso

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of intra-articular injection of meloxicam (Mobic) on the development of osteoarthritis (OA) in rats and examine concomitant changes in nociceptive behavior and the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in articular cartilage chondrocytes. METHODS: OA was induced in Wistar rats by right anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT); the left knee was not treated. The OA + meloxicam (1.0 mg) group was injected intra-articularly in the ACLT knee with 1.0 mg of meloxicam once a week for 5 consecutive weeks starting 5 weeks after ACLT. The OA + meloxicam (0.25 mg) group was treated similarly with 0.25 mg meloxicam. The sham group underwent arthrotomy only and received vehicle of 0.1 mL sterile 0.9% saline injections, whereas the naive rats in meloxicam-only groups were treated similarly with 1.0- and 0.25-mg meloxicam. Nociception was measured as secondary mechanical allodynia and hind paw weight-bearing distribution at before (pre-) and 5, 10, 15, and 20 weeks post-ACLT. Histopathology of the cartilage and synovia was examined 20 weeks after ACLT. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to examine the effect of meloxicam on MAPKs (p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)) expression in the articular cartilage chondrocytes. RESULTS: OA rats receiving intra-articular meloxicam treatment showed significantly less cartilage degeneration and synovitis than saline-treated controls. Nociception were improved in the OA + meloxicam groups compared with the OA group. Moreover, meloxicam attenuated p38 and JNK but enhanced ERK expression in OA-affected cartilage. CONCLUSIONS: Intra-articular injection of meloxicam (1) attenuates the development of OA, (2) concomitantly reduces nociception, and (3) modulates chondrocyte metabolism, possibly through inhibition of cellular p38 and JNK, but enhances ERK expression.

Asunto(s)

Artritis Experimental/enzimología , Cartílago Articular/efectos de los fármacos , Condrocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de la Ciclooxigenasa 2/farmacología , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/efectos de los fármacos , Nocicepción/efectos de los fármacos , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla/enzimología , Tiazinas/farmacología , Tiazoles/farmacología , Animales , Lesiones del Ligamento Cruzado Anterior , Artritis Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Artritis Experimental/patología , Cartílago Articular/citología , Cartílago Articular/patología , Condrocitos/enzimología , Inhibidores de la Ciclooxigenasa 2/uso terapéutico , Quinasas MAP Reguladas por Señal Extracelular/efectos de los fármacos , Quinasas MAP Reguladas por Señal Extracelular/metabolismo , Inyecciones Intraarticulares , Proteínas Quinasas JNK Activadas por Mitógenos/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Quinasas JNK Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Meloxicam , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla/tratamiento farmacológico , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla/patología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Membrana Sinovial/patología , Tiazinas/uso terapéutico , Tiazoles/uso terapéutico , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por Mitógenos/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of oral glucosamine sulfate on the development of osteoarthritis (OA) and to examine concomitant changes in the nociceptive behavior of rats. METHODS: OA was induced in Wistar rats by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) of the right knee; the left knee was untreated. The OA+glucosamine group received oral glucosamine sulfate (250 mg/kg/day) in a 2-g wafer once a day for 10 consecutive weeks starting at week 5 after ACLT. The OA group was treated as above with 2-g wafers (placebo). The control group of naïve rats received 2-g wafers only. The glucosamine alone group comprised naïve rats receiving glucosamine sulfate only. Nociceptive behavior (mechanical allodynia and weight-bearing distribution of hind paws) during OA development was analyzed pre- and 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 weeks post-ACLT. Macroscopic and histologic studies were then performed on the cartilage and synovia. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to examine the effect of glucosamine on expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the articular cartilage chondrocytes. RESULTS: OA rats receiving glucosamine showed a significantly lower degree of cartilage degeneration than the rats receiving placebo. Glucosamine treatment also suppressed synovitis. Mechanical allodynia and weight-bearing distribution studies showed significant improvement in the OA+glucosamine group as compared to the OA group. Moreover, glucosamine attenuated p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) but increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK) expression in OA-affected cartilage. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that treatment with oral glucosamine sulfate in a rat OA model (1) attenuates the development of OA, (2) concomitantly reduces nociception, and (3) modulates chondrocyte metabolism, possibly through inhibition of cell p38 and JNK and increase of ERK expression.

Asunto(s)

Cartílago Articular/patología , Condrocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Condrocitos/enzimología , Glucosamina/farmacología , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla/patología , Administración Oral , Animales , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Cartílago Articular/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Lateralidad Funcional/efectos de los fármacos , Inmunohistoquímica , Articulación de la Rodilla/patología , Nociceptores/efectos de los fármacos , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla/tratamiento farmacológico , Dimensión del Dolor/métodos , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Membrana Sinovial/patología , Soporte de Peso/fisiología

RESUMEN

Spontaneous tumour lysis syndrome (STLS) inducing acute uric acid nephropathy, a rare and neglected disease, presents more insidiously than conventional post-treatment tumour lysis syndrome. Although STLS is a serious and potentially fatal complication in patients with neoplastic disorders, few investigations have addressed the relevance of clinical and laboratory features in assessing prognosis. A retrospective study was conducted, reviewing the records of all patients who developed acute renal failure (ARF) at Chang Gung memorial hospital between 1 July 1999 and 30 June 2003. STLS-induced acute uric acid nephropathy was identified in 12 of 1072 ARF patients (1.1%) during the study period. All patients had advanced stage tumours with large tumour burden, and 66.7% of cases had abdominal organ involvement. All 12 hyperuricemic patients became oliguric despite conservative therapy, and remained hyperuricemic (21.6 +/- 5.2 mg/dl) before dialysis therapy. Diuresis developed in eight patients (66.7%), with associated resolution of hyperuricemia, azotemia and metabolic derangements following dialysis initiation. Overall hospital mortality was 58.3%. Death in most patients was related to hyponatremia and hypoalbuminemia on admission. The serum sodium was found to have the best Youden index (0.86) and highest overall prediction accuracy (93%). Moreover, serum sodium and serum albumin for individual patients were significantly and positively correlated (r = 0.617, p = 0.032). This investigation confirms a grave prognosis for cancer patients with STLS inducing acute uric acid nephropathy. Hyponatremia and hypoalbuminemia on the first day of admission indicate poor prognosis in such patients.

Asunto(s)

Lesión Renal Aguda/etiología , Sodio/sangre , Síndrome de Lisis Tumoral/mortalidad , Lesión Renal Aguda/sangre , Lesión Renal Aguda/mortalidad , Adulto , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Mortalidad Hospitalaria , Humanos , Hiperuricemia/etiología , Hipoalbuminemia/etiología , Hipoalbuminemia/mortalidad , Hiponatremia/etiología , Hiponatremia/mortalidad , Leiomiosarcoma/complicaciones , Leiomiosarcoma/mortalidad , Leucemia/complicaciones , Leucemia/mortalidad , Linfoma/complicaciones , Linfoma/mortalidad , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pronóstico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Análisis de Supervivencia , Síndrome de Lisis Tumoral/sangre , Síndrome de Lisis Tumoral/complicaciones

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to determine the role of excitatory amino acids (EAAs) and EAA transporters (EAATs) in an osteoarthritis (OA) model of rabbit knees. METHODS: OA was induced in New Zealand white male rabbits by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) in one knee of one hind limb; the other knee left unoperated. Rabbits that received ACLT of knee were assigned to the ACLT group (n=6), while a sham-operated group (n=6) underwent arthrotomy with no ACLT. Six naïve rabbits that received no surgery were used as normal control. The width of the knee joint was measured to determine the severity of joint inflammation. Before operation and at 10, 20, and 30 weeks after operation, knee joint dialysates were collected by microdialysis and assayed for EAAs by high-performance liquid chromatography. Gross morphology and histopathology and EAATs glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST) and glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) expression in the articular cartilage of the knees were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. RESULTS: In the ACLT knees, a significant increase in the joint width was observed (5.3+/-0.9 mm, P<0.05) at 30 weeks after operation, while the sham-operated and naïve knees showed no difference as compared with the basal values. The concentrations (microM) of aspartate and glutamate in knee dialysates at 30 weeks after ACLT in naïve, sham, and ACLT were 0.36+/-0.07 and 4.5+/-1.10; 0.38+/-0.09 and 4.61+/-1.11; 0.67+/-0.18 and 9.71+/-2.89, respectively. Levels of glutamate and aspartate in the dialysates obtained from the ACLT knees increased by 213.3+/-29.6% and 187.5+/-33.8% (P<0.05) when compared to those in the sham-operated knees. Both naïve and ACLT chondrocytes were positively stained by antibodies against GLAST and GLT-1. GLAST and GLT-1 protein expressions were significantly increased in the ACLT knees (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate an involvement of EAAs and EAATs in the pathogenesis of OA in ACLT rabbits.

Asunto(s)

Ligamento Cruzado Anterior/química , Ácido Aspártico/metabolismo , Aminoácidos Excitadores/metabolismo , Ácido Glutámico/metabolismo , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla/metabolismo , Animales , Protocolos Clínicos , Inmunohistoquímica , Inyecciones Intraarticulares , Articulación de la Rodilla/cirugía , Masculino , Proteínas de Transporte de Membrana/química , Microdiálisis , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla/fisiopatología , Conejos , Rango del Movimiento Articular/fisiología

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: Our present study examined the effect of intra-articular cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor parecoxib on osteoarthritis (OA) progression and the concomitant changes in excitatory amino acids' (EAAs) levels of the anterior cruciate ligament-transected (ACLT) knee joint dialysates. METHODS: OA was induced in Wistar rats by anterior cruciate ligament transection of the knee of one hindlimb, the other was left unoperated and untreated. Rats were placed into four groups: Group ACLT/P received intra-articular parecoxib injection (100 microg) in the ACLT knee once a week for 5 consecutive weeks starting at 8 weeks after surgery. Group ACLT/S received the same procedure as group ACLT/P with saline injection instead. Naïve (Naïve/P) rats received only intra-articular parecoxib injection in one knee once a week for 5 consecutive weeks without surgery. The sham-operated rats underwent arthrotomy only without treatment. Twenty weeks after surgery, knee joint dialysates were collected and EAAs' concentration was assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography, and gross morphology and histopathology (Mankin and synovitis grading) were examined on the medial femoral condyles and synovia. RESULTS: Parecoxib alone had no effect on cartilage and synovium of normal knees in Naïve/P rats. In ACLT/P rats, parecoxib treatment showed a significant inhibition of cartilage degeneration of the medial femoral condyle at both the macroscopic level (1.15+/-0.17 vs 2.55+/-0.12, P<0.05) and the Mankin scores (3.03+/-0.28 vs 8.82+/-0.43, P<0.05). Intra-articular parecoxib injection also suppressed the synovial inflammation of ACLT joint compared to the ACLT/S group (3.92+/-0.41 vs 9.25+/-0.32, P<0.05). Moreover, glutamate and aspartate levels were also significantly reduced in the ACLT/P group compared to the ACLT/S group by parecoxib treatment (91.2+/-9.4% vs 189.5+/-17.0%, P<0.05 and 98.2+/-11.6% vs 175.3+/-12.4%, P<0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION: This study shows that intra-articular injection of COX-2 inhibitor parecoxib inhibits the ACLT-induced OA progression; it was accompanied by a reduction of glutamate and aspartate concentration in the ACLT joint dialysates. From our present results, we suggested that intra-articular parecoxib injection, in addition to the anti-inflammatory effect, inhibiting the EAAs' release, may also play a role in inhibiting the traumatic knee injury induced OA progression.

Asunto(s)

Cartílago Articular/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de la Ciclooxigenasa 2/uso terapéutico , Aminoácidos Excitadores/análisis , Isoxazoles/uso terapéutico , Osteoartritis/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Ligamento Cruzado Anterior/cirugía , Cartílago Articular/patología , Aminoácidos Excitadores/metabolismo , Inyecciones Intraarticulares , Osteoartritis/fisiopatología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Little information is available on the provision of supportive health environments for persons with intellectual disabilities (ID) in institutions. The aim of this study was to present an overview of supportive environments for health in institutions in Taiwan. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted to examine the perceptions of 121 Taiwanese Institutional Directors on their setting's implementation of supportive healthy physical, social, and economic environments. RESULTS: Analyses showed that first-aid kits (97.5%) and medicine cabinets (85.5%) were the most common health facilities in institutions. Seventy-three per cent of institutions had set up specific areas to be used for rehabilitation practice, while only 43.1% thought their rehabilitation equipment/devices adequate for their real needs. Eighty-eight per cent of institutions implemented health promotion plans for people with ID, while 76.6% had appropriated specific health promotion plans. Sixty-three institutions (52.1%) reported employment of skilled nurses to serve people with ID, and these institutions showed statistically significant differences in implementation of each health facility. CONCLUSIONS: The present paper is the first to analyze supportive environments for health in disability institutions in Taiwan. An important focus of future research will be the extension of the present findings to consider the appropriateness of each area of supportive environments for improving the quality of institutional care for people with ID.

Asunto(s)

Promoción de la Salud/organización & administración , Discapacidad Intelectual/enfermería , Personas con Discapacidades Mentales/psicología , Instituciones Residenciales/organización & administración , Bienestar Social/estadística & datos numéricos , Actitud del Personal de Salud , Estudios Transversales , Encuestas de Atención de la Salud , Administradores de Instituciones de Salud/psicología , Ambiente de Instituciones de Salud , Promoción de la Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Discapacidad Intelectual/rehabilitación , Personas con Discapacidades Mentales/rehabilitación , Asistencia Pública , Instituciones Residenciales/economía , Bienestar Social/economía , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Taiwán

RESUMEN

The crystal structure of 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonamide, C(15)H(25)NO(2)S, has been solved from X-ray powder diffraction data collected at 120 (1) K using synchrotron radiation and refined by Rietveld methods. The structure was solved by the application of a Monte Carlo method in which trial structures were generated by random movement of the molecule in the unit cell and assessed using a full-profile-fitting technique. Intramolecular flexibility was introduced into the structure solution in the form of four independent asymmetric rotors, allowing the isopropyl and sulfonamide groups to rotate freely within the molecule. The structure is monoclinic P2(1)/c, a = 16.9600 (6), b = 8.1382 (2), c = 11.7810 (2) Å, beta = 104.777 (2) degrees with Z = 4. The molecules are linked by N-H.O hydrogen bonds, with N.O distances of 2.77 (1) and 2.92 (1) Å, into two-dimensional sheets built from R(2)(2)(8) and R(6)(6)(20) rings.