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MicroRNA (miR)­24 has been reported to associate with various diseases by acting on different signaling pathways. The present study aimed to elucidate the association between miR­24 expression levels and vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and its underlying mechanism. An miR online database was searched, identifying endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) as a potential target gene of miR­24. A luciferase reporter assay performed to investigate the regulatory association between miR­24 and NOS3 revealed that miR­24 bound to the NOS3 3' untranslated region and inhibited NOS3 expression. Reverse transcription­quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were performed to investigate the miR­24 and NOS3 expression levels in samples from patients with SAH, and demonstrated a negative correlation between the two. In addition, miR­24 expression levels were increased in SAH patients with vasospasm compared with those without, whereas the opposite results were observed for NOS3. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) transfected with an miR­24 inhibitor exhibited increased expression levels of NOS3, whereas those transfected with an miR­24 mimic or NOS3 small interfering RNA exhibited reduced expression levels of NOS3, compared with the control. These results indicated a negative regulatory association between miR­24 and NOS3. Downregulation of NOS3 may induce vasospasm following SAH, which may be due to the upregualtion of miR­24 in VSMCs.

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Several studies investigated the prognostic role of copeptin in stroke. The aim of this study is to assess copeptin levels in serum, and investigate their associations with risk of recurrent stroke in a 1-year follow-up study in patients with ischemic stroke. In this post hoc analysis, serum levels of copeptin and NIH stroke scale (NIHSS) were measured at the time of admission in a cohort of 316 patients with ischemic stroke. The end point was stroke recurrence after 1-year follow-up. We used logistic regression model to assess the relationship between copeptin levels and risk recurrent stroke. Logistic regression analysis considering traditional risk factors showed a relationship between serum copeptin levels and moderate-to-high clinical severity when serum copeptin was used as a continuous variable (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.03-1.09). In the follow-up, 54 patients (17.1%) had a stroke recurrence. The stroke recurrence events distribution across the copeptin quartiles ranged between 5.1% (first quartile) to 23.1% (fourth quartile). In multivariate models comparing the third (OR = 2.78; 95% CI 1.85-3.53) and fourth quartiles (OR = 4.00; 95% CI 2.86-6.50) against the first quartile of the copeptin, levels of copeptin were associated with stroke recurrence events. A higher serum copeptin level is a predictor of both severity at admission and stroke recurrence at 1-year in stroke patients.

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Surgical accesses to lesions of the posterolateral pontomesencephalic junction (PMJ) region and the posterolateral tentorial gap remain a challenge in the field of neurosurgery. Since the first report of application of the extreme lateral supracerebellar infratentorial (ELSI) approach in resecting the PMJ lesions in 2000, a few articles concerning the ELSI approach have been published. The present review mainly provided an intimate introduction of the ELSI approach, and evaluated it in facets of patient position, skin incision, craniectomy, draining veins, retraction against the cerebellum, exposure limits, patient healing, as well as advantages and limitations compared with other approaches. The ELSI approach is proposed to be a very young and promising approach to access the lesions of posterolateral PMJ region and the posterolateral tentorial gap. Besides, it has several advantages such as having a shorter surgical pathway, causing less surgical complications, labor-saving, etc. Still, more studies are needed to improve this approach.

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OBJECTIVE: To study the immunohistochemical changes of nuclear factor-kappaBP65 (NF-kappaBp65) in human brain glioma (HBG) and human brain metastatic carcinoma (HBMC) and the role of NF-kappaBP65 in the biological behavior of the tumors. METHODS: The protein expression of NF-kappaBP65 were examined with SABC immunohistochemical technique in 18 HBG, 12 HBMC and 6 normal brain tissue samples, and the correlation between the expression and the biological behavior of the tumors was analyzed. RESULTS: Normal brain tissues had only trace expression of NF-kappaBP65, whereas all tumor tissues examined expressed NF-kappaBP65. The level of NF-kappaBP65 in high-grade HBG, HBMC and recurrent HBG tissues was considerably higher than that in low-grade HBG tissues (PLT;0.01). CONCLUSION: NF-kappaBP65 expression is associated with the malignant progression, invasion and angiogenesis of HBG and HBMC, and it may play a crucial role in the recurrence of HBG.

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