RESUMEN
UNLABELLED: Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is one of the most important legume-infecting viruses, which is transmitted effectively by pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hem: Aphididae). Transmission efficiency of two CMV isolates (As and Kh from cowpea and bean hosts, resp.) by red and green color morphs of pea aphid were evaluated on bean plants. Triple-antibody sandwich ELISA (TAS-ELISA) using CMV-specific monoclonal antibodies revealed that both CMV isolates belonged to the serotype II. Bean plants inoculated by viruliferous aphids were assayed by double-antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS-ELISA) at 16 days post inoculation (dpi). The results showed that the transmission rate of CMV-As by the red morph was significantly higher than by the green morph, resulting in significantly higher transmission rate of the virus (As + Kh) by the red morph than by the green morph, with p≤ 0.1. Similarly, the efficiency of CMV transmission by the red morph of A. pisum was higher than the efficiency of transmission by the green morph. The higher transmission rate and efficiency of CMV by red pea aphid would be important in the epidemiology. Based on these results, we hypothesize that the transmission efficiency of CMV is affected more by the difference in transmission determinants of A. pisum color morphs than by the sequence of virus coat protein determinants. KEYWORDS: Aphididae; Bromoviridae; color polymorphism; transmission efficiency.
Asunto(s)
Áfidos , Cucumovirus , Animales , Fabaceae/virologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The multifunctional cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is involved in inflammatory processes in the central nervous system. It is well documented that amount of IL-6 is increased in serum, cerebrospinal fluid and central nervous system lesions of patients with multiple sclerosis. A single nucleotide polymorphism at position -174 in the IL-6 gene promotor appears to influence IL-6 expression. Recently, several researchers have focused on HLA-DRB alleles, specifically HLA-DRB1*1501, as a potential risk allele in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possible influence of IL-6/-174 polymorphisms on susceptibility to multiple sclerosis and its integration with HLA-DRB1*1501. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood of 345 patients with multiple sclerosis and 426 control subjects. METHOD: The SSP-PCR method was used to determine genotypes and Fisher's exact test was applied to determine differences between groups. HLA-DRB1*1501 was observed more frequently among multiple sclerosis patients compared with healthy subjects (45% and 34%, respectively; OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.2-2.2, p = 0.0018). At the IL-6/-174 position, the G allele had higher frequency among multiple sclerosis patients compared with controls (77% and 70%, respectively; OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1-1.8, p = 0.0038). This difference was more significant among HLA-DRB1*1501-positive patients and controls (81% and 67%, respectively; OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.5-2.5, p < 0.0001). RESULTS: Our results have shown that the G allele at the IL-6/-174 promoter polymorphism may be associated with development of multiple sclerosis in this population, and may be strengthened by HLA-DRB1*1501. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest more studies to confirm these results in other populations.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos HLA-DR/genética , Interleucina-6/genética , Esclerosis Múltiple/epidemiología , Esclerosis Múltiple/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , ADN/biosíntesis , ADN/genética , Femenino , Genotipo , Cadenas HLA-DRB1 , Humanos , Irán/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Receptores CCR5/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Riesgo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
This paper presents a haptic-based simulator for training of radiology residents and sonographers. The system consists of a force feedback haptic device providing means to interact in real-time with volumetric images of a virtual patient, captured pre-operatively from several subjects. The training system allows trainees to develop radiology techniques and knowledge of the patient's anatomy with minimum practice on live patients, or in places or at times when radiology devices or patients with rare cases may not be available. The haptic interface guarantees position correspondence between the operator's hand and a virtual probe position that slices medical volume sets in the plane of the probe. Thus the simulated procedure becomes nearly identical to the real examinations at the hospital. Different configurations of the system are implemented and presented. Future potential applications for the system are discussed as well.