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Dengue is an acute arboviral infection common in tropical and subtropical countries. Dengue has been highlighted as a public health concern in the last five decades, affecting almost 50% of the population in developing nations. Dengue infection results in a complex symptomatic disease that ranges from headache, fever, and skin rash to extreme hemorrhage fever and liver dysfunction. The diagnosis of the disease is essential for effective treatment. The early onset of the infection can be detected through viral structural peptides that act as markers for detection, including Pre-Membrane (Pre-M) protein. In the currently proposed research, the structural gene obtained from local isolates was targeted for studies. For this purpose, recombinant structural protein Pre-M was amplified, cloned, and expressed in the bacterial expression system. The expression of the structural protein (Pre-M) was scrutinized by Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and validated by western blot and dot blot, and afterwards, the antigen was purified. The purified Pre-M protein carries the potential for the development of in-house diagnostic assay as well as for vaccine production. This study aimed to develop a highly specific, sensitive, and cost-effective in-house enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies of Pakistani most prevalent dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2). The success of this research would also pave the way toward developing novel vaccines for the future prevention of dengue infection.

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Background: We previously showed enrichments of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in broiler chicks fed defatted microalgae. Objectives: The aims of this study were to determine 1) if the enrichments affected meat texture and were enhanced by manipulating dietary corn oil, selenium, and vitamin E concentrations and 2) how the enrichments corroborated with hepatic gene expression involved in biosynthesis and oxidation of EPA and DHA. Methods: Day-old hatching Cornish Giant cockerels (n = 216) were divided into 6 groups (6 cages/group and 6 chicks/cage). Chicks were fed 1 of the 6 diets: a control diet containing 4% corn oil, 25 IU vitamin E/kg, and 0.2 mg Se/kg (4CO), 4CO + 10% microalgae (defatted Nannochloropsis oceanica; 4CO+ MA), 4CO+ MA - 2% corn oil (2CO+MA), 2CO+MA + 75 IU vitamin E/kg (2CO+MA+E), 2CO+MA + 0.3 mg Se/kg (2CO+MA+Se), and 2CO+MA+E + 0.3 mg Se/kg (2CO+MA+E+Se). After 6 wk, fatty acid profiles, DHA and EPA biosynthesis and oxidation, gene expression, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant status, and meat texture were measured in liver, muscles, or both. Results: Compared with the control diet, defatted microalgae (4CO+MA) enriched (P < 0.05) DHA and EPA by ≤116 and 24 mg/100 g tissue in the liver and muscles, respectively, and downregulated (41-76%, P < 0.01) hepatic mRNA abundance of 4 cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes (CYP2C23b, CYP2D6, CYP3A5, CYP4V2). Supplemental microalgae decreased (50-82%, P < 0.05) lipid peroxidation and improved (16-28%, P < 0.05) antioxidant status in the liver, muscles, or both. However, the microalgae-mediated enrichments in the muscles were not elevated by altering dietary corn oil, vitamin E, or selenium and did not affect meat texture. Conclusion: The microalgae-mediated enrichments of DHA and EPA in the chicken muscles were associated with decreased hepatic gene expression of their oxidation, but were not further enhanced by altering dietary corn oil, vitamin E, or selenium.

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Two major types of leukemogenic BCR-ABL fusion proteins are p190BCR-ABLand p210BCR-ABL. Although the two fusion proteins are closely related, they can lead to different clinical outcomes. A thorough understanding of the signaling programs employed by these two fusion proteins is necessary to explain these clinical differences. We took an integrated approach by coupling protein-protein interaction analysis using biotinylation identification with global phosphorylation analysis to investigate the differences in signaling between these two fusion proteins. Our findings suggest that p190BCR-ABL and p210BCR-ABL differentially activate important signaling pathways, such as JAK-STAT, and engage with molecules that indicate interaction with different subcellular compartments. In the case of p210BCR-ABL, we observed an increased engagement of molecules active proximal to the membrane and in the case of p190BCR-ABL, an engagement of molecules of the cytoskeleton. These differences in signaling could underlie the distinct leukemogenic process induced by these two protein variants.

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AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The study was designed with the broad objective of determining the safety profile of artemisinin-based combination therapies amongst Nigerian population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a cohort event monitoring (CEM) programme involving monitoring adverse events (AEs) in malaria patients treated with either artemether-lumefantrine (AL) or artesunate-amodiaquine (AA) in healthcare facilities in Nigeria. The study involved continuous enrolment of patients with malaria and treated with either AL or AA at the various sites until a total cohort of 600 patients were enrolled at each site. Patients were monitored from the onset of therapy, and on days 3 and 7 from the first day of treatment to identify AEs that may occur. RESULTS: A total of 6102 AEs were recorded in 10,259 patients monitored during the programme. Of 4896 patients who received AA, 4233 (86.5%) patients reported at least one AE while 1869 (34.8%) AEs out of 5363 patients who received AL were reported (P = 0.010). The predominant incidence of each specific AE reported in each group among the patients who received AA and AL includes body weakness 30.8%/7.5%, dizziness 10.3%/3.9%, restlessness 5.02/1.12%, vomiting 3.5/1.03% and drowsiness 3.1/1.5% for AA and AL, respectively. There were more AEs among patients with co-morbid conditions and patients in the younger age groups (9-<15 years), P = 0.000. CONCLUSIONS: Various types of AEs were seen and documented during the CEM programme. The findings suggested that the AA/AL monitored during this programme was generally safe and remarkably well tolerated among the Nigerian populations.

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PURPOSE: We studied the fate of the leftover bladder in patients who underwent supravesical urinary diversion without cystectomy for benign pathology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study was performed in 9 males and 15 females with a median age of 59 years in whom supravesical urinary diversion was performed for various benign conditions from 1996 to 2004. These conditions were incontinence, acontractile bladder, radiation and/or hemorrhagic cystitis, and neuropathic bladder. Median followup was 48 months. RESULTS: Of the patients 13 (54%) experienced problems with the retained bladder, 2 (8%) presented with urethral bleeding, which resolved by conservative means, and 11 (46%) had infective complications, which resolved with expectant treatment in 3 (12%). However, 8 patients (33%) had frank pyocystis and 3 (12%) were treated with the Spence procedure, which alleviated symptoms in only 1. Six patients (25%) required cystectomy. CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing supravesical urinary diversion for benign disease in whom the bladder remains in situ the risks of complications related to the defunctionalized bladder are more than 50% and 25% of patients subsequently need cystectomy. These patients should be offered primary cystectomy at urinary diversion.

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Natural competence for DNA uptake is common among bacteria but its evolutionary function is controversial. Resolving the dispute requires a detailed understanding of both how cells decide to take up DNA and how the DNA is processed during and after uptake. We have used whole-genome microarrays to follow changes in gene expression during competence development in wild-type Haemophilus influenzae cells, and to characterize dependence of competence-induced transcription on known regulatory factors. This analysis confirmed the existence of a postulated competence regulon, characterized by a promoter-associated 22 bp competence regulatory element (CRE) closely related to the cAMP receptor protein (CRP) binding consensus. This CRE regulon contains 25 genes in 13 transcription units, only about half of which have been previously associated with competence. The new CRE genes encode a periplasmic ATP-dependent DNA ligase, homologs of SSB, RadC and the Bacillus subtilis DNA uptake protein ComEA, and eight genes of unknown function. Competence-induced transcription of genes in the CRE regulon is strongly dependent on cAMP, consistent with the known role of catabolite regulation in competence. Electrophoretic mobility-shift assays confirmed that CRE sequences are a new class of CRP-binding site. The essential competence gene sxy is induced early in competence development and is required for competence-induced transcription of CRE-regulon genes but not other CRP-regulated genes, suggesting that Sxy may act as an accessory factor directing CRP to CRE sites. Natural selection has united these 25 genes under a common regulatory mechanism. Elucidating this mechanism, and the functions of the genes, will provide a valuable window into the evolutionary function of natural competence.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess dental caries and its relation to plaque, tooth brushing habit and past dental attendance, and to determine the caries pattern in primary dentition of preschool children. METHODS: One hundred and three, 5-year-old children, from preschool nurseries in Al-Kharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were studied in 1994. The World Health Organization criteria was used to determine caries. RESULTS: Only 16.5% were caries free. The mean decayed missing filled teeth (dmft) was 7.1, and by excluding caries free children it was 8.5. The decay component of dmft was predominant (82%). Almost 90% of the children had plaque present on their teeth and one-third never brushed their teeth while two-thirds had never been to a dentist. All children who never brushed their teeth had plaque and caries. Molars were the teeth, which were most frequently carious, and caries among all teeth was always bilateral. CONCLUSION: There was high prevalence of untreated caries and high dental needs with concomitant poor dental health among these preschool children.

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In 1995 the genome sequence of the Haemophilus influenzae KW20 (Rd) strain was published, the first available for a free-living organism. The genome has been invaluable in global strategies to identify certain virulence-related genes, e.g. those involved in LPS synthesis, and also essential genes, but there is a paucity of wholegenome transcriptome studies. We have now constructed a whole-genome array consisting of genes from Rd, additional genes identified in other strains of H. influenzae and controls (from eukaryotic sources and other bacteria). We intend to use this array in studies aimed at understanding the bacterium's basic metabolism and its response to changing environments; deciphering global regulatory networks (by comparison of wild-type and mutant strains); and identifying genes expressed in vivo. The use of H. influenzae DNA arrays combined with proteomic approaches will enhance our understanding of the metabolism and virulence of the organism. Additionally, the genome sequence of a non-typable H. influenzae strain is in progress. The sequence from this isolate will be invaluable not only in identifying potential novel antibiotic targets and putative vaccine candidates but also in the design of a microarray for genome-typing purposes.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of dimethyl-4,4'-dimethoxy-5,6, 5',6-dimethylene dioxybiphenyl-2,2'-dicarboxylate (HpPro) on patients with acute and chronic liver diseases. METHODS: An open trial and a prospective randomized and controlled study were performed. The open trial consisted of 56 cases (16 cases of acute hepatitis, 20 cases of chronic hepatitis, 14 cases of liver cirrhosis and 6 cases of fatty liver). Controlled study consisted of 20 cases of Child A chronic hepatitis which were randomly treated with either HpPro or a mixture of known drugs which used as a liver protective agent in Indonesia as control for one week. The patients were then crossed over those two drugs in the next week. RESULTS: In the open trial, after 4 weeks' treatment with HpPro 7.5 mg orally three times daily, acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis and fatty liver cases showed rapid decrease of SGOT and SGPT. In the liver cirrhosis cases, SGOT and SGPT were decreased slowly. In the controlled trial, nine patients received HpPro 7.5 mg three times daily orally and eleven were treated with a mixture of known drugs as the controls. After one week treatment, HpPro group clinically showed significant decrease of SGPT and SGOT levels compared to control group (P = 0.035). At the second week, HpPro group showed significant decrease of SGOT compared to control group (P = 0.038) but the decrease of SGPT was not significant (P = 0.096). CONCLUSION: Treatment with HpPro is effective to reduce liver impairment in acute and chronic liver diseases on Indonesian patients. No side effect of HpPro was observed.

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The effect of blind passage and centrifugation on the isolation of bovine coronavirus in human rectal tumor cells cultured in shell vials was investigated. A total of 68 fecal samples known to be positive for bovine coronavirus by transmission electron microscopic (TEM) examination were used. The samples were centrifuged onto human rectal tumor cell monolayers and incubated in the presence of trypsin. The growth of bovine coronavirus in infected cells was demonstrated by fluorescent antibody staining, and the extracellular virus was detected and confirmed by hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests, respectively. Of the 68 TEM-positive samples, 51 (75%), 58 (85%), and 61 (90%) grew in shell vial cell cultures at first, second, and third passages, respectively. Of the 51 cultures positive on first passage, 19 were examined by TEM; 18 of these were positive for bovine coronavirus. The shell vial technique was also compared with direct detection of bovine coronavirus by staining cryostat sections of infected tissues in a direct fluorescent antibody assay. The results of direct fluorescent antibody assay were available for 54 of the 68 samples, of which 53 (98%) and 43 (80%) were positive by shell vial technique and direct fluorescent antibody assay, respectively. For identification of bovine coronavirus, shell vials using human rectal tumor cells in the presence of trypsin is more sensitive than direct fluorescent antibody assay but is relatively less sensitive than transmission electron microscopy.

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Conventional 24-well microtiter plates and shell vials were seeded with pig kidney (PK-15) and bovine turbinate (BT) cells. The monolayers were inoculated with 244 clinical specimens from pigs suspected of having pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection. The results of a shell vial assay (SVA) were compared with those obtained in a 24-well plate cell culture assay in terms of sensitivity and speed of virus isolation. All samples were passaged only once in cell cultures in both assays. Samples producing cytopathic effects (cpe) in 1 or both assay systems and showing positive fluorescence in a direct fluorescent antibody assay were considered to be positive for PRV. Of the 244 samples examined, 118 (48.4%) and 121 (49.2%) were positive by the 24-well plate assay and SVA, respectively. Of the 118 samples positive in 24-well plates, 113 (95.8%) were positive in BT cells and 117 (99.2%) were positive in PK-15 cells. The SVA detected 121 positive samples of which 121 (100%) were positive in PK-15 cells and 113 (93.4%) were positive in BT cells. Virus-specific cpe appeared earlier in the SVA than in the 24-well assay. At 24 hours postinoculation, 91 (75.2%) samples were cpe positive by SVA, whereas only 15 (12.7%) were positive in 24-well plates. All but 2 of the 121 (98.3%) SVA-positive samples were positive within 48 hours postinoculation, whereas only 56 of 118 (47.5%) were positive in 24-well plates during the same time period. These results indicate that the SVA is comparable in sensitivity to 24-well plate assay but yields virus isolation results more quickly. Also, PK-15 cells appeared to be more sensitive than BT cells for PRV isolation.

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