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The marine feather duster, Bispira melanostigma (Schmarda, 1861), is a tube-dwelling annelid that contributes to ecological and biogeochemical processes in benthic communities. Due to the lack of scientific data, B. melanostigma is often difficult to distinguish from other species of marine worms through morphological characteristics alone. In this study, we report the complete mitochondrial genome of Bispira melanostigma. The complete mitogenome contained 20,624 bp length with a total of 13 protein-encoding genes, 21 tRNA, and 2 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete mitochondrial DNA of B.melanostigma can aid in the understanding of evolutionary relationships within Sabellidae.

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In this work, we present a case study to evaluate the connections between sleep, training load, and the perceptions of physical/emotional state of a collegiate, division 1 Women's basketball team. The study took place during the off- (3 weeks) and pre-season (6 weeks) while sleep was tracked using WHOOP wearable straps. Training load was recorded by the strength coach and athletes. Short Recovery and Short Stress (SRSS) questionnaire was used to evaluate the perceptions of athletes on their own emotional and physical states. Our results showed that heart rate measurements are associated with stress levels and recovery perception. We also discovered that the training load was not linked to the sleep variables without the considerations of athletic performance. However, training load may alter perceived stress and recovery which requires further exploration.

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Working memory relies on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), where microcircuits of pyramidal neurons enable persistent firing in the absence of sensory input, maintaining information through recurrent excitation. This activity relies on acetylcholine, although the molecular mechanisms for this dependence are not thoroughly understood. This study investigated the role of muscarinic M1 receptors (M1Rs) in the dlPFC using iontophoresis coupled with single-unit recordings from aging monkeys with naturally occurring cholinergic depletion. We found that M1R stimulation produced an inverted-U dose response on cell firing and behavioral performance when given systemically to aged monkeys. Immunoelectron microscopy localized KCNQ isoforms (Kv7.2, Kv7.3, and Kv7.5) on layer III dendrites and spines, similar to M1Rs. Iontophoretic manipulation of KCNQ channels altered cell firing and reversed the effects of M1R compounds, suggesting that KCNQ channels are one mechanism for M1R actions in the dlPFC. These results indicate that M1Rs may be an appropriate target to treat cognitive disorders with cholinergic alterations.

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The newly evolved circuits in layer III of primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) generate the neural representations that subserve working memory. These circuits are weakened by increased cAMP-K+ channel signaling, and are a focus of pathology in schizophrenia, aging, and Alzheimer's disease. Cognitive deficits in these disorders are increasingly associated with insults to mGluR3 metabotropic glutamate receptors, while reductions in mGluR2 appear protective. This has been perplexing, as mGluR3 has been considered glial receptors, and mGluR2 and mGluR3 have been thought to have similar functions, reducing glutamate transmission. We have discovered that, in addition to their astrocytic expression, mGluR3 is concentrated postsynaptically in spine synapses of layer III dlPFC, positioned to strengthen connectivity by inhibiting postsynaptic cAMP-K+ channel actions. In contrast, mGluR2 is principally presynaptic as expected, with only a minor postsynaptic component. Functionally, increase in the endogenous mGluR3 agonist, N-acetylaspartylglutamate, markedly enhanced dlPFC Delay cell firing during a working memory task via inhibition of cAMP signaling, while the mGluR2 positive allosteric modulator, BINA, produced an inverted-U dose-response on dlPFC Delay cell firing and working memory performance. These data illuminate why insults to mGluR3 would erode cognitive abilities, and support mGluR3 as a novel therapeutic target for higher cognitive disorders.

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Whether application of a cold modality following soft tissue trauma causes reactive vasodilation causes reactive vasodilation is an important clinical question since one goal of using a cold modality is to limit edema formation. The purpose of this study was to measure change in local blood volume during application of a cold gel pack following inversion sprain of the ankle. Fifteen volunteers participated as subjects (age range: 18-46 years, mean age: 22.2 years). A bilateral tetrapolar impedance plethysmograph was used with venous occlusion to measure the change in local limb volume at the ankle over a 20-minute period during two conditions: at rest and with cold gel pack application. A significant reduction in local blood volume occurred during cold gel pack application compared with rest. A significant vasodilation response was not observed. The lack of vasodilation response lends support to the clinical use of a cold gel pack following soft tissue trauma when applied to the ankle for a period of up to 20 minutes.

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This paper considers models for unobservables in duration models. It demonstrates how cross-section and time-series variation in regressors facilitates identification of single-spell, competing risks and multiple spell duration models. We also demonstrate the limited value of traditional identification studies by considering a case in which a model is identified in the conventional sense but cannot be consistently estimated.

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Conflicting results regarding local vascular response during cryotherapy have been reported in the literature. The purpose of this study was to determine whether application of a cold pack reduced blood volume in a nontraumatized ankle. Thirteen subjects ranging in age from 18 to 30 years (X = 22; SD = 3.9) participated in the study. An impedance plethysmograph, in combination with venous occlusion, was used to measure the changes in local blood volume at the ankle over a 20-minute period for the following three conditions: rest, room-temperature gel pack application, and cold gel pack application. A significant reduction in local blood volume was found for the cold gel pack condition in comparison with the resting condition. This reduction was attributed to a combination of pressure from the weight of the cold gel pack and the pack's temperature. Maximum decrease in blood volume occurred at 13.5 minutes after cold gel pack application. Reactive vasodilation was not observed. The results lend support to the clinical use of a cold gel pack when a reduction in local circulation is desired, such as in the management of acute-phase soft tissue trauma.

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The preparation of the quaternary acetate and propionate esters of 3-hydroxyquinolizidine is described. Tentative structures are assigned on the basis of NMR data. Results of preliminary pharmacological screening of the methiodide and hydrochloride salts are given.

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Estriol in pregnancy urine is determined by acid hydrolysis of steroid conjugates, followed by ether and aqueous sodium hydroxide extraction and gas chromatography. Derivatives are formed within the injection port of the gas chromatograph using tetramethylammonium hydroxide. Several samples may be processed simultaneously. Hydrolysis and extraction of a specimen are done in a single culture tube; for larger numbers of specimens, a Paton-Brown extractor may be used. With a two-column gas chromatograph, results on two specimens are available within one hour; twelve analyses may be completed within two hours.

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Separation of particulate fractions associated with LH releasing activity has been effected by differential centrifugation followed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The fractions were monitored for LH releasing activity by an in vitro incubation with rat pituitaries and for subcellular organelles by electron microscopy. LH released into the incubation medium and contained in the pituitaries was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). After differential centrifugation only the "crude mitochondrial fraction" caused an increase of LH release accompanied by a depletion of pituitary LH and a rise in total LH. Further fractionation of this pellet on a discontinuous sucrose gradient resulted in three opaque bands and three clear areas which were removed as sic fractions. Only one fraction, not associated with myelin, synaptosomes, or mitochondria, caused an increase in LH release and total LH while pituitary LH remained unchanged. This fraction appears to be predominantly composed of electron dense vesicles of varying sizes. Also of interest is another fraction which decreased LH release and was again not associated with myelin, synaptosomes, or mitochondria. The decreased release was associated with an increased pituitary LH while total LH remained unchanged. Of the six subcellular fractions obtained from the "crude mitochondrial pellet" only these two caused significant changes in LH release. Two other neural tissues, the cerebellum and cerebral cortex, were similarly processed. None of these subcellular fractions significantly altered LH release and/or synthesis.

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