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Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common cancer in men and a leading cause of cancer death. Prostatic gland accumulates reasonably high amount of selenium (Se), the element that prevents the development of PC. It is hypothesized that some selenoproteins inhibit the transformation of normal prostate epithelium into neoplasm. We studied Se levels in whole blood, plasma and prostate of 32 PC and 40 benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) patients and in the control group composed of 39 healthy subjects. The selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was also measured in the patients' red cells, plasma and prostate tissue. Se concentration in whole blood and plasma in both groups of patients was lower as compared with controls, while in prostate gland it was significantly higher in PC than in BPH patients and controls. Red cell GSH-Px activity was the same in PC patients and controls but significantly lower in BPH patients. Plasma GSH-Px activity was significantly lower in PC patients than in the control group, and prostate GSH-Px activity was significantly lower in PC patients as compared with BPH patients. Since Se has anticancer properties, it is very likely that its low level in blood may facilitate the development of cancer. A higher level of Se in prostate of PC patients has no influence on GSH-Px activity in the gland.

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The paper presents seven cases of central nervous system lymphomas diagnosed in Department of Neurosurgery of Military Clinical Hospital in Bydgoszcz. The role of stereotactic biopsy in the management of this entity is underlined. Clinical, radiological and pathological symptoms met in PCNSL (Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma) are briefly described.

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The method is described of multistep pathomorphological examination of biopsy material obtained by stereotactic procedures from brain tumours. In the analysis of 260 biopsies the possibility was assessed of intraoperative cytological examinations confronting the results of these examinations with those of final histological and immunohistochemical investigations. Attention is called to the difficulties in the evaluation of material derived from stereotactic biopsies and to the cause of possible diagnostic errors. It is concluded that the combination of the results of cytological examination of smears and histological examination of paraffin slides makes possible establishing of full pathomorphological diagnosis with determination of tumour type and its malignancy degree in 90.7% of cases. On most cases cytological intraoperative examination had the greatest influence on therapeutic management. In the confrontation of these examinations with histological examinations a high proportion of correct cytological examinations was found (76.6%). Owing to the possibility of application of all techniques of morphological diagnosis, stereotactic biopsy is a reliable method in the diagnosis of brain tumours.

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The authors present the possibilities of obtaining tissue samples with stereotactic biopsy basing on three examples of intracranial polymorphic and invisible in CT tumours. CT scans of these tumours make a serious problem with proper targeting and tissue sampling from proper sites. Stereotactic serial biopsy directed by CT/MRI fusion is the best way of obtaining tissue material in order to establish correct diagnosis.

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The anatomy, pathophysiology nad treatment of the pineal region tumors are presented. The authors stress the role of stereotactic biopsy in the diagnosis and correct management. Based on the literature and their experiences the risk of complications and incorrect diagnosis is discussed.

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The diagnostic value of fine needle aspiration biopsy was estimated in the study. Cytological features, which allow us to diagnose and distinguish fibroadenoma from other breast benign lesions, were also examined. The diagnostic effectiveness was estimated depending on the observance of the described criteria (features) characteristic for the breast fibroadenoma by a comparative analysis of cytological findings in three diagnostic centers.

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A multifocal astrocytoma, an uncommon cerebral lesion is presented. This case is particularly interesting because it was diagnosed by peroperative ultrasound scan. The epidemiology and the diagnostic procedure for multifocal gliomas is discussed.

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The authors discuss a problem of rarely occurring bifocal carcinomas with the presentation of their own case of laryngeal carcinoma and branchiogenic cyst of the neck. They pay attention to histopathologic features underlying the diagnosis of branchiogenic cyst carcinoma and to the necessity of oncologic alertness in tumors of these kinds.

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