RESUMEN
The aim of the present study is to extend the applicability of MRI measurements similar to those used in human diagnostics to the examination of water barriers in living plants, thus broadening their use in natural sciences. The cucumber, Cucumis sativus, and Phillyrea angustifolia, or false olive, were chosen as test plants. The MRI measurements were carried out on three samples of each plant in the same position vis-a-vis the MRI apparatus using a Siemens Avanto MRI scanner. Two different relaxation times were employed, T1, capable of histological mapping, and T2, used for the examination of water content. In the course of the analysis, it was found that certain histological formations and branching cause modifications to the intensity detected with relaxation time T2. Furthermore, these positions can also be found in T1 measurements. A monotonic correlation (cucumber: ρ = 0.829; false olive: ρ = -0.84) was observed between the T1 and T2 measurements. In the course of the statistical analysis of the signal intensities of the xylems it was concluded that they cannot be regarded as independent in a statistical sense; these changes rather depend on the anatomic structure of the plant, as the intensity profile is modified by nodes, leaves and branches. This serves as a demonstration of the applicability of MRI to the measurement of well know plant physiological processes. The special parametrization required for this equipment, which is usually used in human diagnostics, is also documented in the present study.
Asunto(s)
Cucumis sativus/anatomía & histología , Cucumis sativus/metabolismo , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Oleaceae/anatomía & histología , Oleaceae/metabolismo , Agua/metabolismo , Xilema/anatomía & histología , Xilema/metabolismo , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/instrumentaciónRESUMEN
Background: The T-helper 17 (Th17) cells have a prominent role in inflammation as well as in bone and join destruction in both rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis (RA and PsA). Here, we studied Th17 cell differentiation in RA and PsA. Methods: Blood samples from healthy donors, RA and PsA patients were collected. CD45RO- (naive) and CD45RO+ (memory) T cells were isolated from peripherial blood mononuclear cell by magnetic separation. Naive T cells were stimulated with anti-CD3, anti-CD28, and goat anti-mouse IgG antibodies and treated with transforming grow factor beta, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1ß, and IL-23 cytokines and also with anti-IL-4 antibody. IL-17A and IL-22 production were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, RORC, and T-box 21 (TBX21) expression were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry. C-C chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6), CCR4, and C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 3 expression were determined by flow cytometry. Cell viability was monitored by impedance-based cell analyzer (CASY-TT). Results: RORC, TBX21, CCR6, and CCR4 expression of memory T cells of healthy individuals (but not RA or PsA patients) were increased (p < 0.01; p < 0.001; p < 0.05; p < 0.05, respectively) compared to the naive cells. Cytokine-induced IL-17A production was different in both RA and PsA patients when compared to healthy donors (p = 0.0000026 and p = 0.0001047, respectively). By contrast, significant differences in IL-22 production were observed only between RA versus healthy or RA versus PsA patients (p = 0.000006; p = 0.0013454, respectively), but not between healthy donors versus PsA patients. Conclusion: The naive CD4 T-lymphocytes are predisposed to differentiate into Th17 cells and the in vitro Th17 cell differentiation is profoundly altered in both RA and PsA.
Asunto(s)
Artritis Psoriásica/inmunología , Artritis Reumatoide/inmunología , Células Th17/fisiología , Circulación Sanguínea , Diferenciación Celular , Células Cultivadas , Citometría de Flujo , Humanos , Inmunidad/genética , Memoria Inmunológica , Interleucinas/genética , Interleucinas/metabolismo , Antígenos Comunes de Leucocito/metabolismo , Miembro 3 del Grupo F de la Subfamilia 1 de Receptores Nucleares/genética , Receptores CCR6/genética , Proteínas de Dominio T Box/genética , Interleucina-22Asunto(s)
Terapia Familiar , Familia/psicología , Terapia Conyugal , Terapia Familiar/educación , Terapia Familiar/historia , Terapia Familiar/normas , Terapia Familiar/tendencias , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Hungría , Terapia Conyugal/educación , Terapia Conyugal/historia , Terapia Conyugal/normas , Terapia Conyugal/tendencias , Psicoterapia/tendencias , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
Bupropion hydrochloride (Zyban, Glaxo Wellcome Australia, Melbourne, Vic., Australia) was released in Australia in November 2000 as adjunctive therapy to assist with smoking cessation, having previously been used as an antidepressant in the US since 1989. The toxicity profile of bupropion hydrochloride in overdose differs considerably from other antidepressants, with prominent neurological manifestations and little cardiovascular toxicity. A case of bupropion overdose demonstrating the typical toxic syndrome is presented, together with a review of the literature and a discussion of the magnitude of the demand for bupropion and of the potential differences in presentation of overdoses in Australia.