RESUMEN
Inappropriate and prolonged administration of antibiotics in mastitis could cause resistance and herbal treatment might could be one alternative treatment. Nothopanax scutellarium, Moringa oleifera, and Piper betle are medicinal plants that contain various active compounds, including antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agents, but their potential in treating mastitis is minimum. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of those plants against mastitis in rabbit model induced by Staphylococcus aureus. A total of 25 lactating rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) weighing 3.0±0.4 kg were grouped into five groups: healthy control; mastitis control, and three treatment groups (Nothopanax scutellarium, Moringa oleifera, and Piper betle). Except the negative control, all animals were inoculated with 0.15 mL of S. aureus containing 1.5x107 colony forming unit (CFU)/mL on eight days after giving birth. The extract was administered orally after four hours Staphylococcus aureus inoculation at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight, twice a day for five consecutive days. The number of bacteria in the milk and the level of serum interleukin 6 (IL-6) were measured and histopathological examination of mammary gland tissues were analyzed. The log number of total plate count of Staphylococcus aureus indicated that all extract groups had significant lower of bacterial logs compared to mastitis control (all comparisons had p<0.05) with the lowest was found in Piper betle group, followed by Nothopanax scutellarium and Moringa oleifera groups. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results showed that all ethanolic extract groups had significantly lower levels of IL-6 compared to the mastitis control (all comparisons had p<0.05). The histopathology assessment suggested that extract groups had lower infiltration of inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages in alveoli compared to the mastitis control group. In conclusion, all three extracts contained antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities and Piper betle had the most effective in reducing bacterial growth and IL-6 level compared to others.
RESUMEN
AIM: The objective of this study was to produce recombinant protein GRA-4 (rGRA-4) of a local Toxoplasma gondii isolate as a candidate for a toxoplasmosis diagnosis kit in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) competent cells using pET SUMO plasmid. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Samples used were stock T. gondii tachyzoites DNA from the Parasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta. Amplified GRA-4 polymerase chain reaction product of T. gondii tachyzoite DNA was cloned in the pET-SUMO TAR cloning vector. The GRA-4 gene from T. gondii local isolate was sequenced, followed by plasmid transformation, recombinant plasmid DNA isolation, and recombinant protein expression in DE3 competent cells. RESULTS: The amplification product of GRA-4 T. gondii gene was 1036 bp, with 48 kDa molecular weight after expression in DE3 competent cells. An alignment of the amino acid sequence of GRA-4 from the local isolate which was cloned with GRA-4 was obtained from NCBI database and showed 99.61% homology to the predicted GRA-4 from the T. gondii Izatnagar isolate. Amino acid sequence of the predicted GRA-4 protein from local isolate was different at positions 19 and 304. CONCLUSION: This research cloned rGRA-4 in pET SUMO plasmid.
RESUMEN
This study aimed to determine the effect of seminal vesicle extract administration to increase the concentration and motility of spermatozoa and testosterone level of kacang goat. The experiment was arranged using a randomly completely block design (RCBD). Three kacang goats were used and each goat received three treatments namely P0 (2 mL of 0.9% NaCl), P1 (1.5 mL Capriglandin, PGF2α), and P2 (2 mL of seminal vesicle extract, EVS). Semen and blood were collected two days post-treatment to measure the concentration and motility of spermatozoa and testosterone level. Testosterone levels were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Duration between treatments was one week after semen collection. The result showed that the average spermatozoa concentration (x106) in P0; P1; and P2 respectively were 2,763.0±395.0; 2,060.00±678.2; and 2,387.0±442.7 (P>0.05), while the spermatozoa motility score in P0; P1; and P2 respectively were 3.7±1.1, 3.4±0.5, and 3.4±0.5 (P>0.05). The mean testosterone levels in P0, P1, and P2 respectively were 10.27±5.42, 18.51±19.46, and 29.57±12.96 ng/mL (P<0.05). It can be concluded that administration of EVS did not increase concentration and motility of spermatozoa but increased the level of testosterone in kacang goat.