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OBJECTIVES: Typhoid remain an increasing problem in Third world countries like Pakistan. A reliable, easy and affordable rapid diagnostic test is a need for our clinicians, many of whom consider Typhidot to be promising. Typhidot has been used as the only tool to diagnose typhoid fever by general practitioners and consultants despite its low sensitivity and specificity causing misdiagnosis and treatment. We therefore conducted this study to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of Typhidot in patients with fever. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of a total of 145 febrile patients was done. Blood culture and Typhidot along with other relevant investigations had been performed in each case. Sensitivity, specificity and the association of Typhidot to the diagnosis was found using SPSS v16.0. RESULTS: Out of 145 patients, 15(10.3%) had positive blood culture for Salmonella typhi, 7 (4.8%) had positive culture for salmonella paratyphi and 94(64.8%) had positive culture for other organisms. Twenty nine (20%) patients had negative culture results. Forty seven (32.4%) patients had only IgM positive on Typhidot, 7(4.8%) had both IgM and IgG positive and 91(62.8%) had both IgM and IgG negative. Amongst the 130 patients with diseases other than typhoid, 50(38.5%) showed a positive Typhidot result. Amongst the 15 patients with typhoid, 11(73.3%) showed a negative Typhidot result. The sensitivity of Typhidot was found to be 26.7% and the specificity was 61.5%. The Positive Predictive Value (PPV) was 7.4% and the Negative Predictive Value (NPV) was 87.9%. CONCLUSION: Even though Typhidot is rapid, easy and affordable, its use should be discouraged due to low sensitivity and specificity and insignificant (p=0.067) association to the disease.

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Dengue fever is on the rise in developing nations like India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. There is no antiviral chemotherapy or vaccine for dengue virus and management of the disease is done on supportive measures. The decline in the thrombocyte count leads to dengue haemorrhagic fever accounting for complications and mortality. Oral administration of Carica papaya leaves extract is said to have a positive impact on thrombocyte count. A 23-year-old man was administered a calculated dose for five days. Blood samples were tested for complete blood count before and after the administration of the juice. Thrombocyte count had increased from 28000/micro liter to 138000/micro liter at the end of five days. We present our experience here.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare the expected (perceptions of their environment at the beginning of their 1st year) versus actual perceptions (perceptions at the end of 1st year) of 1st year students at Dow University of Health Sciences. METHODS: The 'expected' perceptions of the students were recorded at the beginning of their 1st year (n = 411) of medical education when they entered the medical school using Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM). DREEM is a validated and self-administered inventory which focuses on learning, teachers, self-confidence and academic as well as social environment. The 'actual' perceptions were then recorded at the end of their first year (n = 405) of education when they had received adequate exposure of their environment. The 2 records were then compared. RESULTS: The total expected DREEM score was 118/200 and the total actual DREEM score was 113/200. The expected domain (Students' perceptions of learning, students' perceptions of teachers, students' academic self-perceptions, students' perceptions of atmosphere, and students' social self-perceptions) scores were 28/48, 26/44, 20/32, 28/48, and 16/28. The actual domain scores were 27/48, 23/44, 19/32, 27/48, 16/28. However both the actual and expected scoring displayed satisfactory environment for learning. Significant differences (p < 0.0001) were found in the two samples. CONCLUSION: In general the results displayed that the students perceived the environment positively but the significant difference found in the two samples, demonstrated that their expectations were not met.

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INTRODUCTION: Post-traumatic subluxations are potentially devastating injuries to the axial skeleton. Of utmost priority are an expedient and timely diagnosis and realignment because of its association with spinal cord and nerve root trauma, which lead to progressive deleterious neurological deficits. A good radiological study of the occipitocervical joint and first thoracic vertebra is key to a successful early diagnosis. However, cases might still fail to be diagnosed, leading to trouble. A case of post-traumatic subluxation at the C7 vertebral level with an unusual neurological pattern is presented here. CASE PRESENTATION: A 35-year-old farmer from the Sindh province of Pakistan presented to our neurology department after a fall 2 months earlier and complained of lower limb pain and difficulty in walking. He had numbness in both of his lower limbs up to his umbilical region, with sparing of bladder function along with intact strength in the upper extremities bilaterally. CONCLUSIONS: Our case highlights the unusual sparing of upper limbs and intact urinary continence with severe lower limb deficits in a 70% subluxation. Our case is unusual because highly detrimental effects such as quadriplegia are expected with such extreme subluxation, but our patient presented with only lower limb deficits. This case serves as a reminder to emergency medicine doctors, spine surgeons, and even radiologists (a) to evaluate spine injuries by using computed tomography in trauma patients to identify artifact around a suspected injury and (b) to be mindful of negative conventional radiographs.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the causes for loss-to-follow-up of hepatitis patients at a liver centre of a tertiary care hospital. METHODS: A representative sample of 165 patients who were lost to follow-up during 2009 to 2010 was chosen and a cross-sectional descriptive study was performed. All hepatitis patients included were screened for antibody to hepatitis C virus (HCV Ab) and hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HbsAg), and were tested through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genotyping. Laboratory investigations, ultrasounds, personal habits, visits to hakeems and use of other alternative medications, occupations and income per month, education, and other basic information was also recorded. Those who did not return for follow-up were contacted and inquired about their reasons for loss-to-follow-up. Based on this data, the patients were categorised into four different groups according to reasons of loss to follow up: non-compliance, alternative medication, monetary issue and poor prognosis. RESULTS: The entire sample size of 165 patients who were lost to follow-up was included in the study. 14 (8.5%) patients were hepatitis B virus (HBV) positive. Of these patients, 1 (7.1%) was lost due to alternative medication and the rest (n=13; 92.9%) were lost to follow-up due to non-compliance. Amongst the 151 (91.5%) hepatitis C virus (HCV) positive patients, 2 (1.3%) were lost due to monetary issues, 17 (11.3%) were lost due to alternative medication, 4 (2.6%) were lost due to poor prognosis and 128 (84.8%) were lost due to non-compliance. CONCLUSION: This study shows that most patients were lost to follow-up due to non-compliance. It is important for physicians to design better counselling programmes to make the patient compliant enough to go through the complete treatment.

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BACKGROUND: Many expectant parents wish to have a normal child. Unfortunately this does not always happen and some of them may have a child with birth defects leading to detrimental psychological effects on the parents. One of the common presentations generally observed is depression. The presence of depressive symptoms amongst such parents needs to be recorded to find out its prevalence. The results of such finding can help shape future programs for the prevention and treatment in this population group. This study will therefore explore the extent of depressive symptoms amongst parents of children with congenital anomalies. METHODS: A case control study design was chosen. Ethical Review Board gave approval for the study on December 31, 2010, and the collection of data was started on January 5, 2011. Two randomly chosen samples of 132 parents each were collected from National Institute of Child Health (NICH), Ida Rieu, and Civil Hospital Karachi (CHK) over 8 months. First group consisted of parents of children with congenital anomalies and the second group was chosen as the control group from general population. Zung scale was used to record the presence of depressive symptoms in these two populations. Mann-Whitney test was performed to compare the depression scores. RESULTS: The scale was completed by 132 parents in both sets. The parents of children with congenital anomalies showed greater (p < 0.0001) depressive symptoms. Mothers displayed greater (p = 0.029) depressive symptoms than fathers. CONCLUSION: The parents of children with anomalies (60.6%) had more depressive symptoms than parents of normal children (27.3%).

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