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Tuberculosis and Coronaviral disease-19 had a global impact in 2020 and still predominating, both infectious diseases similar to the lethal pandemics spread in one route, likely airborne transmission, the infected person could spread to healthy people. However, tuberculosis slightly varies from COVID-19. Though the primordial disease of the tuberculosis epidemic has had a vast impact on this society, besides the COVID-19 pandemic with other co-morbidities, conditions faced numerous complications. This review exemplified the impact of two lethal diseases in changing patient care, diagnostic issues, and forensic sciences roles. The diagnosis of tuberculosis with a massive concern due to standard testing methods, leading to inaccuracy, sensitivity, and prolonged time consumption. In addition, unavailability of testing kits, equipment failure, over-crowd in hospitals and fewer healthcare workers, a prolonged testing period, and finally, anxiety about COVID-19. Also, the contribution of forensic sciences in the autopsy of the exact cause of infectious diseases is crucial. Likewise, during this pandemic, there has been a drastic reduction in tuberculosis incidence in high-burden countries and a synergistic effect of both diseases. So, this review summarized the overall burden of tuberculosis management during COVID-19 and followed the guidelines of various nations' healthcare authorities to mitigate the consequences of tuberculosis diagnosis and prognosis during the pandemic.

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Tuberculosis is a lethal disease that is one of the world's top ten death-associated infections in humans; Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis, and this bacterium is linked to the lysis of autophagolysosomal fusion action, a self-defense mechanism of its own. Thus, Cytoplasmic bacilli are sequestered by autophagy and transported to lysosomes to be inactivated to destroy intracellular bacteria. Besides this, a macrophage can limit intracellular Mycobacterium by using a type of autophagy, selective autophagy, a cell that marks undesirable ubiquitin existence in cytosolic cargo, acting as a "eat me" sensor in conjunction with cellular homeostasis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis genes of the PE_PGRS protein family inhibit autophagy, increase mycobacterial survival, and lead to latent tuberculosis infection associated with miRNAs. In addition, the family of autophagy-regulated (ATG) gene members are involved in autophagy and controls the initiation, expansion, maturation, and fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes, among other signaling events that control autophagy flux and reduce inflammatory responses and forward to promote cellular proliferation. In line with the formation of caseous necrosis in macrophages by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their action on the lysis of autophagosome fusion, it leads to latent tuberculosis infection. Therefore, we aimed to comprehensively analyses the autophagy and self-defense mechanism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is to be gratified future research on novel therapeutic tools and diagnostic markers against tuberculosis.

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis, a fatal infection resulting in widespread illness and death. In 2020, approximately 10 million people were diagnosed with tuberculosis. The top 30 tuberculosis-endemic countries accounted for 86% of all estimated occurrence cases worldwide. In this context, eight of these accounted for two-thirds of the global total, with India having a prevalence of 26%. Aside from lung inflammation, the risk factors for tuberculosis in women include extra-pulmonary infection, particularly genital tuberculosis, tuberculous mastitis, and tuberculous in the peritoneum, intestine, and spine. Depending on the epidemiologic context and screening methods, different tuberculosis symptoms and disease diagnoses are more or less common among expectant mothers. The disease is almost certainly going to have a global impact. The social stigma and anxiety associated with tuberculosis may have a much more significant negative impact on women's health behaviors than men. Notably, the abdominal sites of miliary tuberculosis could mimic tumor likely, carcinoma and lymphoma. Also, the results of the diagnostic accuracy tests for the condition demonstrate that extra-pulmonary tuberculosis can be quickly and accurately diagnosed in various sites using both the T-SPOT assay and the GeneXpert/PCR test. Therefore, this review exemplified the prevalence of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis at various points in women's lives. On the contrary, it also illustrated the symptoms and dangers of TB as they relate to women's health.

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BACKGROUND: The toxin-antitoxin system is a genetic element that is highly present in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), the causative agent of tuberculosis. The toxin-antitoxin system comprises toxin protein and antitoxin protein or non-encoded RNA interacting with each other and inhibiting toxin activity. M. Tuberculosis has more classes of TA loci than non-tubercle bacilli and other microbes, including VapBC, HigBA, MazEF, ParDE, RelBE, MbcTA, PemIK, DarTG, MenTA, one tripartite type II TAC chaperone system, and hypothetical proteins. AIMS: The study aims to demonstrate the genes encoded toxin-antitoxin system in mycobacterium tuberculosis strains from clinical samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis clinical samples were collected, and smear microscopy (Ziehl-Neelsen staining) was performed for the detection of high bacilli (3+) count, followed by nucleic acid amplification assay. Bacterial culture and growth assay, genomic DNA extraction, and polymerase chain reaction were also carried out. RESULTS: The positive PTB and EPTB samples were determined by 3+ in microscopy smear and the total count of tubercle bacilli determined by NAAT assay was 8.0×1005 in sputum and 1.3×1004 CFU/ml in tissue abscess. Moreover, the genomic DNA was extracted from culture, and the amplification of Rv1044 and Rv1045 genes in 624 and 412 base pairs (between 600-700 and 400-500 in ladder), respectively, in the H37Rv and clinical samples was observed. CONCLUSION: It has been found that Rv1044 and Rv1045 are hypothetical proteins with 624 and 882 base pairs belonging to the AbiEi/AbiEii family of toxin-antitoxin loci. Moreover, the significant identification of TA-encoded loci genes may allow for the investigation of multidrugresistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis.

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BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease responsible for a significant cause of ill health. According to the WHO global tuberculosis report 2021. 9.9 million cases fell sick with TB in 2020. Significantly, the prevalence of tuberculosis in India is 25%. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence of tuberculosis in the suburban areas of the metropolitan city in South India. To analyze the serological marker and prognosis of tuberculosis among males and females. To determine the importance of molecular testing - PCR confirmation on TB after AFB smear. METHODS: A retrospective study to analyze 462 patients enrolled by the respiratory medicine department on suspecting pulmonary- 356 (M-264 & F-92) and extra-pulmonary-106 (M-73&F-33) patients and diagnosed Zhiel-Neelsen staining, Mantoux test, Chip-based RT-PCR test, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and analyzed serological test such as C-Reactive Protein, Chemiluminescence immune assay. RESULTS: 23 patients were positive in Ziehl-Neelsen staining, 65 were positive in molecular True-Nat PCR test, Mantoux skin test induration in 10 patients, 98 TB Positive patients examined in the serological analysis, 1 & 3 patients reacted in HIV/HBsAg, and HBsAg test respectively, by chemiluminescence immunoassay, 8 PTB and 4 EPTB and 47 non-TB patients were positive in C-reactive protein, 46 TB and 94 non-TB patients detected abnormal values out of these 160 patients in ESR test. CONCLUSION: The Prevalence of tuberculosis is significantly rising, especially in the middle-aged population. The rapid molecular diagnostics to detect TB are highly sensitive and specific. Serological markers are essential for the analysis of disease prognosis and need to focus on the guidance of DOTS and RNTCP to End TB.

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Toxin-Antitoxin (TA) system is abundant in the microbial genome, especially in bacteria and archaea. Its genetic elements and addiction modules with the role of bacterial persistence and virulence. The TA system consists of a toxin and most unstable antitoxin that could be a protein or non-encoded RNA, TA loci are chromosomally determined and their cellular functions are mostly unknown. Approximately 93 TA systems were demonstrated and more functionally available in M. tuberculosis (Mtb), the organism responsible for tuberculosis (TB). It is an airborne disease, which is causing ill-health to humans. M. tuberculosis possesses higher TA loci than other microbes and non-tubercle bacilli, the following TA types have been identified such as VapBC, MazEF, HigBA, RelBE, ParDE, DarTG, PemIK, MbcTA, and one tripartite type II TAC-Chaperone system. Toxin-antitoxin Database (TADB) brings a detailed update on Toxin-Antitoxin classification in the different pathogens such as staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumonia, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, and helicobacter pylori, etc. So, this Toxin-Antitoxin system is a master regulator for bacterial growth, and an essential factor in analyzing the properties and function of disease persistence, biofilm formation, and pathogenicity. The TA system is an advanced tool to develop a new therapeutic agent against M. tuberculosis.

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Our aim was to investigate the incidence of oral cancer in three ethnic groups, Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi residents of the UK, to try to establish a link between ethnic background and the incidence of oral cancer. We used data from the 1991 and 2001 censuses to calculate approximate percentages of the number of Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi residents in each Health Authority (HA) region and correlated these with rates of oral cancer from the Office of National Statistics (ONS) cancer atlas for the same period. Data about lung cancer and oesophageal cancer were used as proxies for the confounding variables of smoking and alcohol, respectively, in a multiple regression analysis. There was a strong significant correlation between figures for lung cancer and variations in oral cancer rates among HAs (p<0.001). Ethnicity contributed weakly and insignificantly to variations in rates of oral cancer among HAs. In summary, we found only a weak correlation between ethnicity and oral cancer in the UK population, unlike previously published studies, while simultaneously showing a stronger relation with the proxy for smoking trends. There are various drawbacks inherent in library-based ecological studies in general, and in this study in particular, that may have been responsible for this.

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