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OBJECTIVE: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition characterized by abnormal liver function because of lipid accumulation. NAFLD can range from simple fatty liver, which is usually harmless, to a more severe condition called non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which involves inflammation, liver cell damage, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Liver biopsy is considered the gold standard for diagnosing and staging hepatosteatosis, but it is an invasive and expensive procedure. Non-invasive methods, such as ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), can provide useful information without the need for an invasive procedure. This study aimed to compare laparoscopic findings of hepatosteatosis with ultrasound data to create a classification that can identify individuals with NASH in operated patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 120 patients who applied to the General Surgery Department of Istinye University Faculty of Medicine between 06/2022 and 12/2022 were included in the study. They were evaluated for hepatosteatosis with preoperative ultrasound. Demographic, physical examination (BMI), laboratory, and radiological findings of the patients were recorded retrospectively. In addition, laparoscopy video recordings were reviewed retrospectively, and the findings were evaluated. Statistical analysis of the findings was made. The p-value was calculated using the Chi-square test; p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The mean age of 120 patients was 39.04 years, the mean BMI was 34.9 kg/m², and 63.3% of them were female patients. Cholecystectomy was performed in 60 of 120 patients, and sleeve gastrectomy in 60 of them. It has been observed that there is a high correlation between the ultrasound grade and the laparoscopic stage of hepatosteatosis (r=0.849) (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopy results to be an effective method in the diagnosis and classification of NASH.

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OBJECTIVE: Kidney transplantation (KT) might be difficult for underweight kids (under 15 kg). Our goal was to convey information on KT in underweight children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study's target population consisted of children (age 18) weighing 15 kg or fewer who received KT at our facility between January 2018 and June 2021. A retrospective analysis was performed on demographic and clinical data, including age, gender, primary disease, pretransplant dialysis status, recipient weight, recipient body mass index (BMI), surgical approach type (intraperitoneal/extraperitoneal), complications, graft status (functioning/failed), patient survival, and immunological data. RESULTS: There were 94 pediatric KTs completed. Thirty-three patients were included when the selection criteria were applied. The mean recipient weight was 11.45 [6.7-15] kg, and the average patient age was 3.36 [1-7]. Three (9.9%) patients had kidney transplants from dead adult donors, whereas thirty (90.1%) patients underwent live donor kidney transplantation (LDKT). While the intraperitoneal (IPA) technique was used in 19 cases, the extraperitoneal (KT) strategy was used on 14 patients (EPA). The donor BMI was 28.24 [19.6-42] kg/m2, and the mean donor weight was 78.13 [55-109] kg. Bridectomy was necessary because five individuals experienced ileus. IPA was performed in each of these patients during LDKT. Following IPA, a 2-year-old patient with a BMI of 16 kg/m2 had renal allograft compartment syndrome and required graft nephrectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric patients weighing 15 kg or fewer can get kidney transplants successfully. Gastrointestinal problems are relatively uncommon with EPA, even though there is no agreement on the best surgical strategy.

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BACKGROUND: To assess maxillary sinus findings using dental volumetric tomography before and after surgery in patients with dental implants in the maxillary posterior region with or without sinus floor elevation due to insufficient bone height. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cone-beam computerized tomography images taken for surgical planning before implantation and controlling after implantation were reviewed in 50 patients applied to the Department of Oral, Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery and Radiology of Dentistry Faculty at Ondokuz Mayis University. Maxillary sinus diseases (focal mucosal thickening, polyp, mucous retention cyst, sinusitis) were evaluated. The relationship between dental implant and sinus floor augmentation procedures and maxillary sinus findings was statistically evaluated using the Chi-square test and Wilcoxon rank test. RESULTS: In this study, 26 female (52%) and 24 male (48%) patients were examined. The mean age of all patients was 53.82 years (± 8.63). Focal mucosal thickening was most frequently observed in the study. There was no statistically significant correlation between implant applications and sinus pathologies with both internal and external elevation procedures and implant applications (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Sinus floor augmentation and dental implant applications seemed not to increase the risk of maxillary sinüs pathologies. However, it is suggested to carry out similar studies with more samples.

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STUDY OBJECTIVE: We sought to estimate the impact of sentinel nodes in gynecologic oncology on fellowship training and discuss potential solutions. DESIGN: Retrospective multi-institution cohort (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). SETTING: Three tertiary cancer referral cancer centers. PATIENTS: Patients with endometrial and vulvar cancer undergoing lymph node evaluation. INTERVENTIONS: Patient history and fellow case volumes were evaluated retrospectively for type of lymph node assessment. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Minimally invasive endometrial cancer and vulvar cancer fellow case volumes in 3 large institutions were reviewed and average annual volumes calculated for each clinical gynecologic oncology fellow. For vulvar cancer, probabilities of sentinel lymph node mapping and laterality of lesions were estimated from the literature. For endometrial cancer, estimates of lymphadenectomy rates were determined using probabilities calculated from our historic database and from review of the literature. Modeling the approaches to lymphadenectomy in endometrial cancer (full, selective, and sentinel), 100% versus 68% versus 24%, respectively, of patients would require complete pelvic lymphadenectomy and 100% versus 34% versus 12% would require para-aortic lymphadenectomy. In vulvar cancer, rates of inguinal femoral lymphadenectomy are expected to drop from 81% of unilateral groins to only 12% of groins. CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel lymph node biopsy for endometrial and vulvar cancer will play an increasing role in practice, and coincident with this will be a dramatic decrease in pelvic, para-aortic, and inguinal femoral lymphadenectomies. The declining numbers will require new strategies to maintain competency in our specialty. New approaches to surgical training and continued medical education will be necessary to ensure adequate training for fellows and young faculty across gynecologic surgery.

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In this study, we aimed to explain the role of apelin-13 on body weight, food and water intake with serum leptin, ghrelin, neuropeptid Y (NPY) and peptid YY (PYY) levels in male rat. Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley male rats were used for the study. The rats were injected SP (0.9 %) intraperitoneally (i.p) in the control group and 30 (AP30), 100 (AP100) and 300 (AP300) µg/kg apelin-13 in the study groups, respectively, 10 min before the transition to dark period, for 10 days. During the experimental period, with light and dark periods of food and water intake, body weights were recorded in rats. Rats were euthanized and serum samples were obtained. In serum samples leptin, ghrelin, NPY and PYY levels were measured with specific ELISA kit. Apelin-13 was increased body weights in all three (AP30, AP100 and AP300) groups compared with the control group. AP100 and AP300 groups had increased food intake in the dark and the cumulative period, but in the light period food intake values were not significantly increased (p > 0.05). As for the value of water intake, compared with the control group, all dose of apelin-13 increased water intake during the dark and the cumulative period. There was no significant change in water intake in the light period. On the other hand, compared with the control group, serum leptin levels were found to increase in the groups administered 100 and 300 µg/kg of apelin-13 (p < 0.05). Ghrelin levels were found high in all groups treated with apelin-13. Serum levels of NPY decreased only in the 300 µg/kg apelin-13 treated group (p 0.05). Apelin-13 increases body weight in rats as well as food and water intake (dark and cumulative period). Additionally, ghrelin can mediate the orexigenic effect of apelin-13 in the regulation of food intake (Fig. 4, Ref. 37).

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OBJECTIVES: To detect and determine image error and artefact types in intraoral radiographs obtained with photostimulable phosphor (PSP) technology, place them in an appropriate classification and retrospectively analyze the PSP-specific image errors and artefacts. The causes and solutions of PSP-specific errors and artefacts have also been discussed. METHODS: The radiographic database of Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, was used for this study. Different types of image errors and artefacts observed on intraoral radiographs during 2014-15 were detected and defined. A total of 2100 intraoral radiographs were individually evaluated for the distribution of PSP-specific image artefacts. RESULTS: There were 34 image error and artefact types detected and classified into 4 groups according to the causative factors. The most common PSP-specific image artefacts were found in fading with a ratio of 44.1% for the ambient light-related group, peeling of the plate borders with a ratio of 53.4% for the PSP plate-related group and straight line with a ratio of 42.2% for the scanner-related group. CONCLUSIONS: The determination and definition of the image errors and artefacts with clarification of their causes and solutions are important for the improvement of radiographic quality and the reduction of the retake ratio.

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The palate is an alternative anchoring site for orthodontic implants and screws. The use of osseointegrated implants in the intermaxillary suture has recently been described as a fast, effective, and low-cost technique for patients with atrophy of the maxillae. The aim of this study was to use cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to evaluate the thickness of the bone surrounding the intermaxillary suture in relation to the insertion of osseointegrated implants. CBCT images of 144 patients (72 males, 72 females) aged 35-86 years were evaluated. The vertical bone height of the intermaxillary suture was measured using coronal and sagittal Images 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mm posterior to the incisive foramen. The mean bone thicknesses from the anterior to the posterior region were 5.59, 4.38, 3.91, 3.95, and 3.94 mm, respectively. Bone thickness was significantly different among the five anteroposterior areas of the suture, but there were no significant differences between males and females, or among age groups. The highest part of the intermaxillary suture was in the anterior region. Three-dimensional imaging is recommended to accurately identify palate bone thickness for implant placement.

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BACKGROUND: Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) are significant clinical problems that may have complex etiologies and may cause physical and physiological impairment. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the demographic and clinical characteristics of TDIs in a group of Turkish subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The prevalence of TDIs and the pattern of traumatized teeth were studied in relation to age, gender, cause, location, and type of injury. This study was carried out to include all age groups and teeth. TDIs were recorded using the World Health Organization classification modified by Andreasen et al. RESULTS: The prevalence of TDIs was found to be 4.4% (255 injured patients/5800 presented patients), and the injuries were most commonly observed in the age group of 11-20 years. Males were more affected than females (males, 153; females, 102). The most common cause of traumatic injury was falling (68.2%), and the most common place of trauma was outdoors (56.1%). 4, 7% of patients injured because of their systemic diseases. The most frequently injured teeth were the upper central incisors (primary teeth, 64.5%; permanent teeth, 72.5%), and the most common type of dental injury was uncomplicated crown fracture in both primary (63%) and permanent dentition (47%). CONCLUSION: In the surveyed population, the prevalence of TDIs was found to be low. However, the teacher and family of adolescents and the caregivers of patients with some systemic diseases like epilepsy should be warned about TDIs.

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BACKGROUND: Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a clonal disease in which thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications are common. Our aim in this study was to investigate whether oxidative stress in ET patients increased compared to healthy volunteers and to investigate whether there is a relationship between vascular events and oxidative status parameters in ET patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We determined the serum levels of oxidative status parameters, such as total oxidative status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), oxidative stress index (OSI) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in ET patients. Forty-three ET patients (20 males, 23 females) and 20 healthy volunteers were enrolled. Oxidative status parameters of the patients were compared with those of the controls at time of diagnosis and at 6th-month follow-up. Additionally, oxidative status parameters of patients with ET with a history of vascular event were compared with patients without a vascular event history during diagnosis. RESULTS: Rises in TOS, OSI, and MDA were statistically significant in the patients group; however, the TAS value was significantly lower compared to the control group. Furthermore, TOS was significantly higher in patients with history of vascular event compared to the patients without such a history. Following therapy, OSI and MDA values were significantly reduced in the patient group compared to the pre-treatment values. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reveal that although oxidative stress parameters were increased, compensative total antioxidant status was significantly reduced in ET patients. Furthermore, TOS values were significantly high in patients with a history of vascular event.

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BACKGROUND: Tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) is expressed with trypsinogen in tumors. We studied the clinical-pathologic association and significance of preoperative serum levels of TATI in gastric cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Pre-treatment serum levels of TATI in patients with gastric cancer and healthy controls were analyzed by a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found in serum TATI levels between patients with gastric cancer and healthy controls (p < 0.0001). There was a significant relationship between the serum levels of TATI and clinicopathological parameters. However, serum levels of TATI were significantly higher in patients with an advanced T stage (T3) (p < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (p < 0.001) and an advanced TNM stage (stage III or IV; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that TATI may be used to identify potentially high-risk groups of upper gastric carcinoma. Elevated level of TATI was associated with progressive disease or advanced stage.

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BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to retrospectively compare the results of right- and left-laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN) performed in our Center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two hundred and eight patients who were operated on between October 2010 and October 2011 were included. Of the patients, 65 underwent right-LDN and 143 underwent left-LDN. The groups were compared in terms of duration of surgery, warm ischemia time, postoperative complications, length of hospital stay, and donor outcomes. RESULTS: The mean duration of surgery was 144±19.7 min and 147.8±20.2 min in the right- and left-LDN groups, respectively. The mean warm ischemia times were 139.1±54.1 s and 141.5±37.9 in the right- and left-LDN groups, respectively. The mean length of hospital stay was 2.4±1.0 days for both groups. No major complications were observed in the groups. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of donor outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The right-LDN is approached cautiously because of short length of vein and the risk for thrombosis. The results of the present study demonstrated that the right-LDN is as safe and effective as the left-LDN.

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OBJECTIVE: Biological levels of localized colon tumors are needed for the diagnosis and prevention of colon cancer. Numerous biomarker studies are produced currently through research. We investigated some peptides with the aim of identifying biomarkers for colorectal cancer and lymphatic and hepatic metastasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 100 patients with histologically proven colorectal cancer and 60 normal volunteers were included in this study. Preoperative serum was collected for analysis. Human neutrophil peptides levels (HNP) were assayed by solid phase RIA (Radio Immun Assay) based on monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS: The HNP-1, -2 and -3-also known as α-defensin-1, -2 and -3-are present in elevated concentrations in the plasma from colorectal cancer patients. CONCLUSION: Preoperative high plasma HNP 1-3 levels are associated with colorectal cancer. The HNP 1-3 levels may procure information on patients with lymph node or hepatic metastasis.

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A rare case of intramuscular hemangioma of the masseter muscle with multiple phleboliths is described, highlighting features evident in plain radiography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A 21-year-old woman presented with a complaint of swelling of the right masseter muscle. A plain radiograph from the soft tissue of the right cheek showed a large number of round, target-like radiopacities that varied in size. Ultrasound revealed a lobulated cystic lesion in the right masseter muscle with increased echogenicity. MRI showed a space-occupying lesion in the right masseter muscle, which was isointense on T1-weighted image close to the muscle tissue and hyperintense on T2-weighted image, containing fields with no signal septations. A plain soft tissue radiograph can demonstrate phleboliths and aid in the diagnosis of an intramuscular hemangioma. In addition, nonionized techniques such as ultrasound and MRI can provide useful information to clinicians regarding the location of calcifications and the structure of masses.

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Surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME), which combines orthodontics and surgery, is a well-established therapy for transverse maxillary hypoplasia in adults after sutural closure or completion of skeletal maturation. X-rays are usually the preferred monitoring technique for this treatment. Recently, ultrasound scanning has been used successfully in the follow-up of patients undergoing distraction osteogenesis. In this study, ultrasonography (US) was used in the evaluation of bone callus formation in the midpalatal suture in 3 patients undergoing SARME. For each patient, US was performed immediately after active expansion, at 2 and 4 months of the expansion period, at the removal of the expander 6 months later, and at 2 months after expander removal. The results indicated that US might be a useful and accurate method to assess bone fill in the midpalatal suture in patients undergoing SARME. However, further studies are necessary to clarify the US scores in a larger patient group undergoing SARME.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the generated temperature of the Er:YAG laser, with three different pulse durations for apicectomy, compared with tungsten bur and surgical saw. BACKGROUND DATA: Apicectomy is an endodontic surgery performed to remove the root apex and curette adjacent periapical tissue because of lesions of the apical area that are not healing properly. METHODS: Sixty single-rooted extracted human teeth were resected by three cutting methods: tungsten bur, surgical saw, and Er:YAG laser irradiation with three different pulse durations; pulse duration 50 µs, pulse duration 100 µs, and pulse duration 300 µs. Teflon-insulated, type K thermocouples were used to measure temperature changes during the apicectomy process. Data were analyzed using the general linear models procedure of the SPSS statistical software program. RESULTS: Although there was no statistically significant difference for the mean values of temperature changes at 1 mm away to the cutting site of teeth, there was statistically significant difference among groups for the mean values of temperature changes at 3 mm away to the cutting site of teeth. Additionally, there was statistically significant difference among groups for the total time required for apicectomy. CONCLUSIONS: The laser irradiation with pulse duration 50 µs appears to have the lowest temperature rise and the shortest time required for apicectomy of the three pulse durations. However, Er:YAG laser for apicectomy in all pulse durations could be used safely for resection in endodontics in the presence of sufficient water.

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Keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) is a benign odontogenic tumor with a potentially aggressive and infiltrative behavior. KCOT is most commonly occurred in mandible and demonstrate a unilocular, round, oval, scalloped radiolucent area, while large lesions may appear multilocular. An important characteristic of KCOT is its propensity to grow in an antero-posterior direction within medullary cavity of bone causing minimal expansion. Definitive diagnosis relies on histological examination. In this report, a KCOT that had an expansion both buccal and lingual cortical bone is described including its features in computed tomography and ultrasonographic exams. The lesion was removed surgically via an intraoral approach under local anesthesia and histologically reported as a KCOT.

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BACKGROUND: Acute-phase response proteins (APRPs), cytokines, and hormones have been claimed to be an independent, important factor of cancers. We suggest that in gastrointestinal system cancers, changes in APRP, cytokines, and hormones are associated. METHODS: C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin, interleukin 1α (IL-1α), IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), midkine, vascular endothelial growth factor-A(VEGF-A), VEGF-C, VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR1), leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin serum levels are studied in 148 gastrointestinal system cancer types and 40 healthy controls. RESULTS: We found statistically significant differences and correlations between groups. We found significantly higher serum CRP, IL-1α, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGFR1, and leptin concentrations in patients with esophageal, gastric, pancreas, colon, and rectum cancers than controls (p < 0.001, p < 0.0001). But, we found lower levels of the serum albumin, midkine, adiponectin, and ghrelin in patients with esophageal, gastric, pancreas, colon, and rectum cancers compared to control subjects (p < 0.05, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Cachexia in gastrointestinal system cancer types is associated with changes in APRP, cytokines, and hormone concentrations. This may be reflected between the outcomes in malignancies and the biomarkers.

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Pulp stones are usually found in the pulp chamber. Radiographically, they appear as radiopaque structures in the pulp chambers or root canals of individual teeth. Generalized pulp stones throughout the dentition are usually associated with systemic or genetic disorders of the dentine. This report presents an unusual case of a 13-year-old girl with generalized pulp stones with clinically normal crowns. The patient's main complaint was a crossbite affecting all permanent canines. Radiographic examination revealed multiple pulp stones and several teeth with atypically shaped roots. Orthodontic treatment, gingivoplasty, and esthetic restorations were performed, thus using a multidisciplinary approach to establish functionally and esthetically sound dentition.

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To analyze the serum levels and prognostic significance of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family (VEGF-A, -C and -D) and their receptors (VEGFR-1 and -2) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The serum levels of VEGF family members were measured in 56 control subjects and 68 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These measurements were correlated with clinic pathological features. The serum levels of VEGF-A and its receptor, VEGFR-1, were significantly higher in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma than in controls (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in serum levels of VEGF-C and VEGFR-2 between patients and controls. VEGF-A levels were associated with advanced tumor stage and presence of metastases. VEGFR-1 was associated with metastases, advanced overall stage, tumor differentiation. VEGFR-2 levels were associated with poor tumor differentiation. Serum VEGF levels are significantly in the same cohort of patients with variable clinic pathological features and prognostic values. The measurement of VEGF-A and its VEGFR-1 levels in sera may reflect the development of tumor, metastasis and angiogenesis (Tab. 2, Ref. 20).

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Nasolabial cysts are uncommon primarily unilateral soft tissue lesions located adjacent to the alveolar process above the apices of the maxillary incisors. Clinical features of the nasolabial cysts are smooth fluctuant soft tissue swelling between the upper lip and nasal aperture with obliteration of the nasolabial fold and elevation of the nasal ala. A nasolabial cyst is described including its features on CT and MRI exams.

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