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Obesity and exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are risk factors for insulin resistance, to which physical exercise is the most powerful non-pharmacological strategy. However, public concern over whether exercise could be protective in a polluted environment exists. Therefore, evaluating the possible benefits of exercise in polluted conditions in different contexts (age, gender, and cardiometabolic health) is imperative. In this sense, muscle plays a major role in maintaining glucose homeostasis, and its oxidative status is closely affected during exercise. This study tested whether moderate aerobic training could alleviate the metabolic and oxidative impairment in the gastrocnemius induced by the combination of a high-fat diet (HFD) and PM2.5 exposure. Female mice (B6129SF2/J) received HFD (58.3% of fat) or standard diet, intranasal instillation of 20 µg residual oil fly ash (ROFA: inorganic portion of PM2.5), or saline seven times per week for 19 weeks. In the 13th week, animals were submitted to moderate training or remained sedentary. Trained animals followed a progressive protocol for 6 weeks, ending at swimming with 5% body weight of workload for 60 min, while sedentary animals remained in shallow water. Aerobic moderate training attenuated weight gain and glucose intolerance and prevented muscle and pancreatic mass loss induced by a HFD plus ROFA exposure. Interestingly, a HFD combined with ROFA enhanced the catalase antioxidant activity, regardless of physical exercise. Therefore, our study highlights that, even in polluted conditions, moderate training is the most powerful non-pharmacological treatment for obesity and insulin resistance.

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Decreased estrogen levels in menopause are associated with anthropometric, metabolic, and inflammatory impairments, predisposing women to cardiometabolic risk factors such as diabetes. Menopause and type two diabetes (DM2) are marked by altered heat shock response (HSR), shown by decreased expression of the 70-kDa heat shock protein in the intracellular milieu (iHSP70). While iHSP70 plays an anti-inflammatory role, extracellular HSP70 (eHSP70) may mediate pro-inflammatory pathways and has been associated with insulin resistance in DM2. Considering the roles of these proteins according to localization, the eHSP70-to-iHSP70 ratio (H-index) has been proposed as a biomarker for HSR. We, therefore, evaluated whether this biomarker is associated with glycemic and inflammatory status in postmenopausal women. In this transversal study, 36 postmenopausal women were grouped according to fasting glycemia status as either the control group (normoglycemic, ≤ 99 mg/dL) or DM2 (prediabetic and diabetic, glycemia ≥ 100 mg/dL). DM2 group showed higher triglyceride/glucose (TyG) index and plasma atherogenic index (PAI), both of which are indicators of cardiometabolic risk. In addition, we found that the eHSP70-to-iHSP70 ratio (plasma/peripheral blood mononuclear cells-PBMC ratio) was higher in the DM2 group, compared with the control group. Furthermore, blood leukocyte and glycemia levels were positively correlated with the eHSP70-to-iHSP70 ratio in women that presented H-index values above 1.0 (a.u.). Taken together, our results highlight the eHSP70-to-iHSP70 ratio as a biomarker of altered HSR in DM2 postmenopausal women.

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The Murine Sepsis Score (MSS) is used to assess the severity of sepsis in rats and mice based on observational characteristics. The quantitative variables of glycemia, body weight, and temperature are predictors of severity in experimental models of sepsis. Therefore, our study sought to adapt the MSS with the same variables to indicate earlier the severity of the disease in murine models of the disease. Sepsis mice presented hypoglycemia, weight loss, and hypothermia. Therefore, these variables were included in the Adapted Murine Sepsis Score (A-MSS). The A-MASS presented 100% specificity and 87.5% sensibility been able to differentiate the early sepsis symptoms and its severity. The A-MSS allows an early and more complete diagnosis of sepsis in mice and might be considered as a procedure to improve the analysis of systemic sepsis dysfunction in murine experimental models.

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BACKGROUND: Combined exercise training (CET) has been associated with positive responses in the clinical status of patients with heart failure (HF). Other nonpharmacological tools, such as amino acid supplementation, may further enhance its adaptation. The aim was to test whether CET associated with supplementing carnosine precursors could present better responses in the functional capacity and biochemical variables of rats with HF. METHODS: Twenty-one male Wistar rats were subjected to myocardial infarction and allocated to three groups: sedentary (SED, n = 7), CET supplemented with placebo (CETP, n = 7), and CET with HF supplemented with ß-alanine and L-histidine (CETS, n = 7). The trained animals were submitted to a strength protocol three times per week. Aerobic training was conducted twice per week. The supplemented group received ß-alanine and L-histidine orally (250 mg/kg per day). RESULTS: Maximum oxygen uptake, running distance, time to exhaustion and maximum strength were higher in the CET-P group than that in the SED group and even higher in the CET-S group than that in the CET-P group (P < 0.01). CET-S showed lower oxidative stress and inflammation markers and higher heat shock protein 72 kDa content and mRNA expression for calcium transporters in the skeletal muscle compared to SED. CONCLUSION: CET together with ß-alanine and L-histidine supplementation in rats with HF can elicit adaptations in both maximum oxygen uptake, running distance, time to exhaustion, maximum strength, oxidative stress, inflammation and mRNA expression. Carnosine may influence beneficial adjustments in the cell stress response in the skeletal muscle and upregulate the mRNA expression of calcium transporters.

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Sepsis is a systemic infection that causes multiple organ dysfunction. HSP70 is a protein responsive to cell stress, in particular oxidative stress. Therefore, this literature review sought to investigate the roles of HSP70 and oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of sepsis and the possibility of HSP70 as a therapeutic target. HSP70 exerts a protective effect when located in cells (iHSP70), and its decrease, as well as its increase in the extracellular environment (eHSP70), under oxidative stress is a biomarker of sepsis severity. In addition, therapies that increase iHSP70 and treatment with HSP70 promote sepsis improvement.

A sepse é uma infecção sistêmica que acarreta disfunção múltipla dos órgãos. A HSP70 é uma proteína responsiva ao estresse celular, assim como o estresse oxidativo. Esta revisão da literatura buscou investigar a HSP70 e o estresse oxidativo quanto à fisiopatologia da sepse e ao papel da HSP70 como possível alvo terapêutico. A HSP70 exerce efeito protetor quando localizada na célula (iHSP70), e sua diminuição, assim como seu aumento no ambiente extracelular (eHSP70) e o estresse oxidativo, é um biomarcador de gravidade na sepse. Além disso, terapias que aumentam a iHSP70 ou o próprio tratamento com HSP70 promovem a melhora na sepse.

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RESUMO A sepse é uma infecção sistêmica que acarreta disfunção múltipla dos órgãos. A HSP70 é uma proteína responsiva ao estresse celular, assim como o estresse oxidativo. Esta revisão da literatura buscou investigar a HSP70 e o estresse oxidativo quanto à fisiopatologia da sepse e ao papel da HSP70 como possível alvo terapêutico. A HSP70 exerce efeito protetor quando localizada na célula (iHSP70), e sua diminuição, assim como seu aumento no ambiente extracelular (eHSP70) e o estresse oxidativo, é um biomarcador de gravidade na sepse. Além disso, terapias que aumentam a iHSP70 ou o próprio tratamento com HSP70 promovem a melhora na sepse.

Abstract Sepsis is a systemic infection that causes multiple organ dysfunction. HSP70 is a protein responsive to cell stress, in particular oxidative stress. Therefore, this literature review sought to investigate the roles of HSP70 and oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of sepsis and the possibility of HSP70 as a therapeutic target. HSP70 exerts a protective effect when located in cells (iHSP70), and its decrease, as well as its increase in the extracellular environment (eHSP70), under oxidative stress is a biomarker of sepsis severity. In addition, therapies that increase iHSP70 and treatment with HSP70 promote sepsis improvement.

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High levels of extracellular 72 kDa heat shock protein (eHSP72) can be detected in the serum of septic patients and are associated with increased oxidative profiles and elevated rates of mortality among these patients. However, a possible immunomodulatory role for this protein, resulting in tissue protection during sepsis, has never been assessed. In this study, we investigated whether eHSP72 administration could attenuate the severity of sepsis in a mouse peritonitis model. Animals (90-day-old male C57BL/6J mice) were divided into Sepsis (n = 8) and Sepsis + eHSP72 (n = 9) groups, which both received injections of 20% fecal solution [1 mg/g body weight (wt), intraperitoneal (i.p.)], to trigger peritonitis induced-sepsis, whereas a Control group (n = 7) received a saline injection. eHSP72 was administered (1.33 ng/g body wt) to the Sepsis+eHSP72 group, 12 h after sepsis induction. All animals were evaluated for murine sepsis score (MSS), hemogram, core temperature, and glycemia (before and 4, 12, and 24 h after sepsis induction). Treatment with eHSP72 promoted reduced sepsis severity 24 h after sepsis induction, based on MSS scores (Control = 1.14 ± 1.02; Sepsis = 11.07 ± 7.24, and Sepsis + eHSP72 = 5.62 ± 1.72, P < 0.001) and core temperatures (°C; Control = 37.48 ± 0.58; Sepsis = 35.17 ± 2.88, and Sepsis + eHSP72 = 36.94 ± 2.02; P = 0.006). eHSP72 treatment also limited the oxidative profile and respiratory dysfunction in mice with sepsis. Although sepsis modified glycemic levels and white and red blood cell counts, these variables were not influenced by eHSP72 treatment (P > 0.05). Finally, eHSP72 improved the survival rate after sepsis (P = 0.0371). Together, our results indicated that eHSP72 may ameliorate sepsis severity and possibly improve some sepsis indices in mice.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether exposure to particles induces an imbalance in 70-kDa heat shock proteins (HSP70). Since intracellularly (iHSP70) it has anti-inflammatory roles whereas extracellularly (eHSP70) it has pro-inflammatory roles, we evaluate the effect of residual oil fly ash (ROFA) exposure on eHSP70-to-iHSP70 ratio (H index), a biomarker of inflammatory status that is related to oxidative stress in plasma and lymphoid tissue. Wistar rats that received ROFA suspension for three consecutive days (750 µg) showed an increase in plasma eHSP70 levels (mainly the 72-kDa inducible form). Also, ROFA promoted alterations on plasma oxidative stress (increased protein carbonyl groups and superoxide dismutase activity, and decrease sulfhydryl groups). There was an increase in H index of the plasma/thymus with no changes in circulating leukocyte level, iHSP70, or oxidative stress markers in lymphoid tissues. Our results support the hypothesis that eHSP70 content and H index represent inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers.

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Objetivo: descrever vivências de estudantes do curso de enfermagem em unidades de Estratégias Saúde da Família.Metodologia: relato de experiência, elaborado após estágio realizado em duas unidades de saúde do municípiode Ijuí (RS), Brasil, desenvolvido durante fevereiro e abril de 2016 em consonância com o Estágio CurricularSupervisionado I. Resultados: durante o estágio, os estudantes foram instigados a percorrer os caminhos teóricos epráticos no agir do enfermeiro na observação da realidade e aplicação do conhecimento conceitual, voltado parao raciocínio clínico de acordo com a assistência integral e para o gerenciamento da unidade e da equipe de saúde.Conclusões: a vivência dos estudantes em campo prático possibilitou que os acadêmicos pudessem agir, baseando--se nos conhecimentos previamente discutidos em aulas teóricas, assim como inteirar-se sobre a importância dopapel desempenhado pelo enfermeiro em uma ESF, suas ações e atribuições.

Objective: to describe experiences of nursing program students in Family Health Strategy Units. Methodology:experience report, developed after a training performed in two health units in the city of Ijuí (RS), Brazil, carried outduring February and April 2016 in line with the Curriculum Supervised Internship I. Results: during the internship,the students were encouraged to go through the theoretical and practical ways in terms of the action of nursesin the observation of reality and application of conceptual knowledge, facing the clinical reasoning according to comprehensive care and management of the unit and health team. Conclusions: the experience of students inpractical field enabled scholars to act, based on the knowledge previously discussed in theoretical classes, as well asto learn about the important role played by nurses in a FHS, their actions and assignments.

Objetivo: describir las experiencias de Estudiantes del curso de enfermería en unidades de Estrategias Salud dela Familia. Metodología: relato de experiencia, elaborado después de la práctica realizada en dos unidades desalud en el municipio de Ijuí (RS), Brasil, efectuada durante febrero y abril de 2016, en consonancia con laPráctica Curricular Supervisada I. Resultados: durante la práctica, los estudiantes fueron incentivados a recorrer loscaminos teóricos y prácticos del actuar del enfermero en la observación de la realidad e aplicación del conocimientoconceptual, dirigido al raciocinio clínico, de acuerdo con la asistencia integral y para la administración de launidad y del equipo de la salud. Conclusiones: la vivencia de los estudiantes en el campo práctico posibilitó quepudiesen actuar, basados en los conocimientos previamente discutidos en las clases teóricas, así como concientizarsede la importancia del papel desempeñado, por el enfermero, con sus acciones y e atribuciones en una ESF.

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