RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Nanomedicine is a branch which deals with medicinal products, devices, nonbiological complex drugs and antibody-nanoparticle conjugates and general health products that are manufactured using nanotechnology. OBJECTIVE: Nano-medicine provides the same efficacies as traditional medicines owing to their improved solubility and bioavailability with reduced dosages. However, there are currently safety concerns due to the difficulties related to nanomaterial characterization; this might be the reason for unawareness of such medicines among the patients. The absence of clear regulatory guidelines further complicates matters, as it makes the path to registering them with regulatory bodies difficult. However, some products have overcome these obstacles and have been registered. While there are many international initiatives to harmonize the regulatory requirements and helps the industry to determine the most important characteristics that influence in vivo product performance. CONCLUSION: This review focuses on the various types of nanopharmaceuticals, and developments process with strategies tailored to upcoming regulations may satisfy the patients' needs.
Asunto(s)
Nanomedicina/legislación & jurisprudencia , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos/métodos , Industria Farmacéutica/legislación & jurisprudencia , Guías como Asunto , Humanos , Legislación de Medicamentos , Nanomedicina/instrumentación , Nanomedicina/métodos , Nanopartículas/química , Nanopartículas/uso terapéutico , Nanoestructuras/química , Nanoestructuras/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
In the present study, we attempt to shed light on the underlying molecular mechanism of the anticancer activity of pterostilbene (PTS) in HepG2 cells through the proteomic approach. PTS was found to induce apoptosis by altering the expression of apoptotic genes and the G2/M phase of cell cycle arrest. Further, the 2-DE map showed the expression of 72 differentially regulated proteins in PTS-treated HepG2 cells, of which 8 spots with >2 fold up- or down-regulated level were identified by MALDI-TOF analysis, which has a regulatory role in apoptosis. These findings for the first time offer valuable insights into the mechanism of apoptotis by PTS in HepG2 cells.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Estilbenos/farmacología , Animales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Apoptosis/genética , Ciclo Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Electroforesis en Gel Bidimensional , Células Hep G2 , Hepatocitos , Humanos , Masculino , Potencial de la Membrana Mitocondrial/efectos de los fármacos , Proteómica , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Ratas Wistar , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Espectrometría de Masas en TándemRESUMEN
Many surface waters in Europe, Asia and South America have been reported to be contaminated with genotoxic substances. Therefore, it is important to establish strategies for identification of the most critical sources. In this study, we used a battery of four genotoxicity assays namely chromosomal aberration, DNA strand break, DNA laddering and P53 accumulation tests in mononuclear blood cells. Before cleaning of wastewater high levels of genotoxic contamination could be observed. For instance, we observed an increase in chromosomal aberrations from 2.6 +/- 1.1 (aberrant cells in %; control), to 33.6 +/- 6.6 in a petrochemical plant, 29.4 +/- 3.3 in a petroleum refinery and 14.4 +/- 1.8 in a coke plant of steel industry. A good correlation between the four assays was found. The most sensitive and reproducible results were obtained with the chromosomal aberration assay. Interestingly, clear differences in the efficiency of wastewater cleaning in three different treatment plants were observed. The first and second treatment plants in petrochemical industry and coke plant of steel industry completely eliminated genotoxicity of the wastewater. However, the third plant in petroleum refinery could achieve a reduction in genotoxicity but significant genotoxic contaminations were still present. In conclusion, our battery of genotoxicity tests allows the identification of critical sources contributing to contamination of surface waters.