RESUMEN
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is a rare neoplasm of the salivary gland of which the intraosseous variety is commonly observed with a female predilection and the affected side is more commonly in the mandible. It is usually perceived as an asymptomatic swelling that increases in volume over a few months to a year. They more frequently present as a cortical bulging and are mostly discovered as an accidental finding in a routine radiograph as a well-defined unilocular or multilocular radiolucency resembling an odontogenic cyst. The most widely accepted treatment is radical surgical resection due to its recurrence or metastatic nature. The current case is quite unusual developing in the posterior jaw as a result of an impacted third molar in a 22-year-old female patient.
RESUMEN
Congenital psoriasis is a rare skin disease that can clinically manifest in the oral cavity in many ways. Although manifestations over the skin are frequent, oral manifestations are rare, especially in pediatric patients. A clear family history, proper examination, and investigations are essential to diagnose this condition. This case report aims to highlight the oral and systemic manifestations of a case of psoriasis in a male pediatric patient.
RESUMEN
Pemphigus is a chronic mucocutaneous autoimmune disease with the clinical feature of blisters that initially appear in the oral cavity and later in the skin. The dental professionals play an important role in diagnosing the disease. Early diagnosis and treatment determine the course and prognosis of the disease. Systemic corticosteroids continue to be the standard therapy for pemphigus vulgaris (PV). Management of PV involves prolonged use of steroids to control the disease and prevent relapses, but associated adverse events constantly remain a great challenge. Regular periodic clinical evaluation of patients with pemphigus on steroids is mandatory. This article describes a case of a 50-year-old woman with multiple chronic ulcers in the oral cavity in whom the diagnosis of PV was made and treated. The case study is followed by a review of the literature including etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, as well as the various diagnostic criteria and the therapeutic options of PV.
RESUMEN
CTLA-4 is a crucial immune regulator that mediates both negative costimulation signals to T cells, and regulatory T (Treg)-cell extrinsic control of effector responses. Here we present evidence supporting a novel mechanism for this extrinsic suppression, executed by the alternatively spliced soluble CTLA-4 isoform (sCTLA-4). Analyses of human T cells in vitro show that sCTLA-4 secretion can be increased during responses, and has potent inhibitory properties, since isoform-specific blockade of its activity significantly increased Ag-driven proliferation and cytokine (IFN-γ, IL-17) secretion. Treg cells were demonstrated to be a prominent source of sCTLA-4, which contributed to suppression in vitro when their numbers were limiting. The soluble isoform was also produced by, and inhibited, murine T cells responding to Ag in vitro, and blockade of its activity in vivo protected against metastatic spread of melanoma in mice. We conclude that sCTLA-4 is an important immune regulator, responsible for at least some of the inhibitory effects previously ascribed to the membrane-bound isoform. These results suggest that the immune system exploits the different CTLA-4 isoforms for either intrinsic or extrinsic regulation of T-cell activity.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/farmacología , Antígeno CTLA-4/inmunología , Melanoma Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Metástasis de la Neoplasia/prevención & control , Linfocitos T Citotóxicos/inmunología , Linfocitos T Reguladores/inmunología , Animales , Antígeno CTLA-4/antagonistas & inhibidores , Antígeno CTLA-4/genética , Células Cultivadas , Femenino , Humanos , Interferón gamma/biosíntesis , Interferón gamma/inmunología , Interleucina-17/biosíntesis , Interleucina-17/inmunología , Melanoma Experimental/genética , Melanoma Experimental/inmunología , Melanoma Experimental/patología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Isoformas de Proteínas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Isoformas de Proteínas/inmunología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Transducción de Señal/inmunología , Solubilidad , Linfocitos T Citotóxicos/citología , Linfocitos T Citotóxicos/metabolismo , Linfocitos T Reguladores/citología , Linfocitos T Reguladores/metabolismoRESUMEN
The paroxysms of Plasmodium vivax malaria are antiparasite responses that, although distressing to the human host, almost never impart serious acute pathology. Using plasma and blood cells from P. vivax patients, the cellular and noncellular mediators of these events have been studied ex vivo. The host response during a P. vivax paroxysm was found to involve T cells, monocytes and neutrophils, and the activity, among others, of the pyrogenic cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 2 in addition to granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor. However, interferon gamma activity, associated with serious acute pathogenesis in other studies on malaria, was absent. Induction of the cytokines active during a P. vivax paroxysm depends upon the presence of parasite products, which are released into the plasma before the paroxysm. Chemical identification of these natural parasite products will be important for our understanding of pathogenesis and protection in malaria.