RESUMEN
UNLABELLED: Recent research has not only questioned the necessity of iron supplementation in human milk substitutes prior to weaning, but also suggested some potential adverse effects. This study investigated the hypothesis that infant formula need not contain added iron in the first 3 mo. Healthy term infants were recruited into a double-blind controlled trial and randomized to receive either a new no added iron formula (New; <0.1 mg Fe 100 ml(-1)) or a standard formula (Standard; 0.5 mg Fe 100 ml(-1)) for the first 3 mo of life. A breastfed reference group was also studied. Iron status was assessed at 3 and 12 mo from heel-prick capillary blood samples evaluated by full blood-count analysis, including reticulocytes and serum ferritin. In total, 149 infants were entered (51 New, 49 Standard, 49 breastfed) with no differences between the groups in gender distribution, birthweight, gestation or numbers completing the study. There were no significant differences between the principal outcome measures: mean values for haemoglobin, mean cell volume and ferritin, between the two formula-fed groups, and the proportion with a haemoglobin level <11 g dl(-1) or ferritin <10 microg l(-1) did not differ. CONCLUSION: The use of a "no added iron" infant formula in place of an iron-fortified formula during the first 3 mo of life did not clinically affect iron status at 3 and 12 mo of age. The universal supplementation of formulae with iron during this initial period needs further consideration.
Asunto(s)
Suplementos Dietéticos , Alimentos Infantiles , Hierro de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Estado Nutricional , Lactancia Materna , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
Fallout from atmospheric nuclear tests, especially from those conducted at the Pacific Proving Grounds between 1946 and 1958, contaminated areas of the Northern Marshall Islands. A radiological survey at some Northern Marshall Islands was conducted from September through November 1978 to evaluate the extent of residual radioactive contamination. The atolls included in the Northern Marshall Islands Radiological Survey (NMIRS) were Likiep, Ailuk, Utirik, Wotho, Ujelang, Taka, Rongelap, Rongerik, Bikar, Ailinginae, and Mejit and Jemo Islands. The original test sites, Bikini and Enewetak Atolls, were also visited on the survey. An aerial survey was conducted to determine the external gamma exposure rate. Terrestrial (soil, food crops, animals, and native vegetation), cistern and well water samples, and marine (sediment, seawater, fish and clams) samples were collected to evaluate radionuclide concentrations in the atoll environment. Samples were processed and analyzed for 137Cs, 90Sr, 239+240Pu and 241Am. The dose from the ingestion pathway was calculated using the radionuclide concentration data and a diet model for local food, marine, and water consumption. The ingestion pathway contributes 70% to 90% of the estimated dose. Approximately 95% of the dose is from 137Cs. 90Sr is the second most significant radionuclide via ingestion. External gamma exposure from 137Cs accounts for about 10% to 30% of the dose. 239+240Pu and 241Am are the major contributors to dose via the inhalation pathway; however, inhalation accounts for only about 1% of the total estimated dose, based on surface soil levels and resuspension studies. All doses are computed for concentrations decay corrected to 1996. The maximum annual effective dose from manmade radionuclides at these atolls ranges from .02 mSv y(-1) to 2.1 mSv y(-1). The background dose in the Marshall Islands is estimated to be 2.4 mSv y(-1). The combined dose from both background and bomb related radionuclides ranges from slightly over 2.4 mSv y(-1) to 4.5 mSv y(-1). The 50-y integral dose ranges from 0.5 to 65 mSv.