RESUMEN
The yellow paper wasp, Polistes versicolor (Olivier) was first recorded in the Galapagos archipelago in 1988. Its life cycle and ecological impacts were studied on two islands 11 yr after it was first discovered. This invasive wasp adapted quickly and was found in most environments. Colony counts and adult wasp monitoring showed a strong preference for drier habitats. Nest activities were seasonally synchronized, nest building followed the rains in the hot season (typically January-May), when insect prey increases, and peaked as temperature and rains started to decline. Next, the number of adult wasps peaked during the cool season when there is barely any rain in the drier zones. In Galapagos, almost half of the prey loads of P. versicolor were lepidopteran larvae, but wasps also carried spiders, beetles, and flies back to the colonies. An estimated average of 329 mg of fresh insect prey was consumed per day for an average colony of 120-150 wasp larvae. The wasps preyed upon native and introduced insects, but likely also affect insectivorous vertebrates as competitors for food. Wasps may also compete with native pollinators as they regularly visited flowers to collect nectar, and have been recorded visiting at least 93 plant species in Galapagos, including 66 endemic and native plants. Colonies were attacked by a predatory moth, Taygete sphecophila (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Autostichidae), but colony development was not arrested. High wasp numbers also affect the activities of residents and tourists. A management program for this invasive species in the archipelago is essential.
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Avispas , Animales , Ecuador , Insectos , Islas , Conducta PredatoriaRESUMEN
This paper presents an updated catalog of all taxa of Leiodidae (s.lat.) reported from the Neotropical Region. Keys are presented for the identification of all subfamilies, tribes, and 62 described genera. Three undescribed genera are included in the keys. A total of 600 valid named species are listed, with type localities, type depositories, synonyms, distributions, and biologies where known, and some unnamed species as recorded in the literature. Many species remain to be described. In this work we formally establish no new synonyms and no new combinations although we may indicate the existence of these; but we add new records for described species, and we make spelling corrections of scientific names, when appropriate. A brief review of distribution patterns is given. The fauna has been derived partly from some Nearctic elements that have penetrated as far south as Bolivia. A few genera in the Neotropical element have penetrated the Nearctic Region as far north as the northern U.S.A. or southeastern Canada. Most of the Neotropical genera are autochthonous. In southern South America there is a diverse Neo-Austral fauna with clear "Transantarctic" relationships to Australia and New Zealand and weakly to southern Africa. Some genera variously occur on other continents.
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Escarabajos , Animales , América Latina , México , América del Sur , Indias OccidentalesRESUMEN
As preparation for a revision of the Neotropical genera Adelopsis Portevin, 1907, Paulipalpina Gnaspini and Peck, 1996, and Parapaulipalpina Gnaspini, 1996, we review and redescribe the earlier named species and code characters of their genitalia. These characters are then used to redefine species groups. We review the following 22 "older" species: Adelopsis ascutellaris (Murray, 1856) (male lectotype here designated); Adelopsis aspera Jeannel, 1936; Adelopsis asperoides Szymczakowski, 1963; Adelopsis azzalii Szymczakowski, 1975 (here raised to specific status-previously as Adelopsis brunnea azzalii); Adelopsis bellator Szymczakowski, 1968; Adelopsis benardi (Portevin, 1923); Adelopsis brasiliensis Jeannel, 1936; Adelopsis brevicollis Szymczakowski, 1975 (here raised to specific status-previously as Adelopsis brunnea brevicollis); Adelopsis bruchi (Pic, 1926) (male lectotype here designated); Adelopsis darwini Jeannel, 1936; Adelopsis grouvellei Jeannel, 1936; Adelopsis heterocera Portevin, 1907 (the type species of Adelopsis, here considered a junior synonym of Adelopsis ruficollis (Portevin, 1903)); Adelopsis insolita Szymczakowski, 1961; Adelopsis luculenta Szymczakowski, 1963; Adelopsis orcina Szymczakowski, 1975 (here raised to specific status-previously as Adelopsis brunnea orcina); Adelopsis ovalis Jeannel, 1936; Adelopsis pteromoria Szymczakowski, 1975 (here raised to specific status-previously as Adelopsis brunnea pteromoria); Adelopsis ruficollis (Portevin, 1903) (male lectotype here designated) (here considered a senior synonym of Adelopsis heterocera Portevin, 1907); Adelopsis triangulifer Szymczakowski, 1961; Parapaulipalpina filicornis (Jeannel, 1936); Paulipalpina dispar (Portevin, 1903) (male lectotype here designated); and Paulipalpina simoni (Portevin, 1903). The status of Adelopsis brunnea Jeannel, 1936 is discussed, and is restricted to a single, nominal subspecies. Specific status is restablished for Adelopsis linaresi Szymczakowski, 1969 (previously as Adelopsis brunnea linaresi). The status of Paulipalpina claudicans (Szymczakowski, 1980) is discussed. To correct published misidentifications in museum collections, we also describe the following nine new species: Adelopsis claudina sp. n., Adelopsis mrazi sp. n., Adelopsis szymczakowskii sp. n., Adelopsis waclawi sp. n., and Paulipalpina jeanneli sp. n. (all from Brazil), Paulipalpina consuelo sp. n. from Peru, Adelopsis portevini sp. n. and Paulipalpina aragua sp. n. from Venezuela, and Paulipalpina coatepec sp. n. from Mexico. Iutururuca Gnaspini, 1993, described as a subgenus of Adelopsis, is here considered a junior synonym of Adelopsis Portevin, 1907, which is defined as having no subgenera.
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Escarabajos , Animales , MasculinoRESUMEN
Cyrtodesmus baerti, n. sp., previously reported from the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, as Cyrtodesmus sp., is described, together with notes on the systematics, natural history and morphology of cyrotdesmid millipedes.
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Artrópodos , Animales , EcuadorRESUMEN
We list all described species and subspecies of parasitic lice from the Galápagos Islands, based on literature and specimen records. A total of eight families, 47 genera, and 104 species and subspecies of parasitic lice are listed, of which 26 are new species records and eight are new genus records. Also, we report 17 new host-louse associations. The checklist includes 17 endemic species (16 from birds, one from a mammal), 79 native species and subspecies (78 from birds, one from a mammal), and eight species and subspecies (five from birds, three from mammals) introduced by human agency. Nine species assigned in error to the Galápagos Islands in the literature are discussed and deleted from the fauna. For each valid species and subspecies we give information on its taxonomic history, type material, host associations, geographic distribution, biogeographical status, systematic relationships, and relevant literature references. We also give a brief summary of louse biology, and an account of the history of louse collecting, expeditions, collections, and research relating to Galápagos Islands lice. We include a host-parasite list, and a list of hosts which breed in the Galápagos Islands but without lice recorded from them. Also, we formally designate four lectotypes from the Kellogg Collection.
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Enfermedades de las Aves/parasitología , Aves , Infestaciones por Piojos/parasitología , Mamíferos , Phthiraptera/clasificación , Phthiraptera/fisiología , Distribución Animal , Animales , Enfermedades de las Aves/epidemiología , Ecuador/epidemiología , Femenino , Infestaciones por Piojos/epidemiología , Masculino , Phthiraptera/anatomía & histología , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this 14-day parallel, double blind clinical trial was to evaluate the tooth whitening efficacy of a 9% hydrogen peroxide gel (Colgate Visible White) relative to a 20% carbamide peroxide gel (Opalescence) positive control. METHODS: Forty-six consenting adults were randomly assigned to use one of the two products. All participants had 6 unrestored maxillary anterior teeth averaging a shade ranking score of 9 (A3) in the Vitapan Classical Shade Guide scale of 1 through 16 (lightest to darkest). Tooth whitening consisted of at-home 30-minute daily self-applications of the assigned product after brushing with a non-bleaching dentifrice. One of two calibrated examiners performed the baseline, 5-day, 7-day, and 14-day tooth shade evaluations for a given participant, utilizing the same Vita guide under unmodified color-corrected lighting conditions. Thirty-seven participants made all visits. Bleaching efficacy was measured with respect to mean shift (reduction from baseline) in rank scores of the maxillary anterior teeth, in which baseline rank scores functioned as covariables. RESULTS: Both treatment groups exhibited statistically significant mean shade rank score improvements from baseline after 5, 7, and 14 days at 3.14, 3.70 and 4.68 for Colgate Visible White and 1.60, 2.52 and 3.85 for Opalescence. CONCLUSIONS: Between-group comparison shows that while Colgate Visible White (9% hydrogen peroxide) provides a statistically significant tooth whitening improvement over Opalescence (20% carbamide peroxide) after 5 days of self-application, both products have a similar whitening effect after 7 and 14 days.
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Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Blanqueamiento de Dientes/métodos , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/administración & dosificación , Peróxidos/administración & dosificación , Urea/análogos & derivados , Método Doble Ciego , Combinación de Medicamentos , Factores de Tiempo , Urea/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To study the relationships between nontraditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and components of the metabolic syndrome in Native Canadian children, a population at risk of future CV disease. STUDY DESIGN: CV risk factors were evaluated in a population-based study of a Canadian Oji-Cree community, involving 236 children aged 10 to 19 years. RESULTS: Using an age- and sex-specific case definition, 18.6% of the children met criteria for pediatric metabolic syndrome. As the number of metabolic syndrome component criteria increased, C-reactive protein, leptin, and ratio of apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A1 levels rose (all P < .0001) and adiponectin concentration decreased (P = .0006). Principal factor analysis using both traditional and nontraditional CV risk factors revealed 5 underlying core traits, defined as follows: adiposity, lipids/adiponectin, inflammation, blood pressure, and glucose. CONCLUSIONS: Nontraditional CV risk factors accompany the accrual of traditional risk factors early in the progression to pediatric metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, inclusion of these factors in factor analysis suggests that 5 core traits underlie the early development of an enhanced CV risk factor profile in Native children.
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Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/sangre , Síndrome Metabólico/sangre , Adiponectina/sangre , Adolescente , Adulto , Apolipoproteína A-I/sangre , Glucemia/análisis , Presión Sanguínea , Constitución Corporal , Proteína C-Reactiva/análisis , Canadá/epidemiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etiología , Niño , HDL-Colesterol/sangre , Estudios Transversales , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiología , Análisis Factorial , Ayuno , Femenino , Humanos , Interleucina-6/sangre , Leptina/sangre , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólico/complicaciones , Síndrome Metabólico/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , Proteína Amiloide A Sérica/análisis , Factores Sexuales , Triglicéridos/sangreRESUMEN
Peroxide gels are effective in changing tooth colour but their effect on restorative materials has been poorly studied. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the impact of a commercially available whitening gel containing hydrogen peroxide and a sodium percarbonate formulation on the surface of restorative materials. A total of 12 subjects participated in a double-blinded crossover study. Each wore an intra-oral appliance containing five bovine enamel blocks restored with amalgam, posterior composite, microfilled composite, glass ionomer cement and porcelain. Appliances were worn continuously for 14 days and whitening products were applied twice daily. After 14 days the appliances were removed and values for roughness (R(a)) were obtained using atomic force microscopy. Mean values of R(a) were assessed between baseline and 14 days, and although minor variations were seen, there were no statistically significant differences detected for any material or any whitening product.
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Carbonatos , Materiales Dentales , Peróxido de Hidrógeno , Oxidantes , Blanqueamiento de Dientes , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Bovinos , Resinas Compuestas , Estudios Cruzados , Amalgama Dental , Porcelana Dental , Restauración Dental Permanente , Método Doble Ciego , Cementos de Ionómero Vítreo , Humanos , Propiedades de SuperficieRESUMEN
Population bottlenecks may lead to diminished genetic variability and correlative effects on fitness. The Guadalupe fur seal was nearly exterminated by commercial sealers during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. To determine the genetic consequences of this population bottleneck, we compared the variation at a 181 bp section of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region from the bones of 26 prebottleneck fur seals versus variation in the extant population. We found 25 different mtDNA genotypes in the prebottleneck fur seals and only 7 genotypes among 32 extant fur seals, including only one of the ancient genotypes. These data demonstrate a substantial loss of genetic variability correlating with the recent population bottleneck. We also found from several genetic measures that the prehistoric population of Guadalupe fur seals was robust and that it had been increasing at some time during the late prehistoric period. Continued recovery of this species may, however, owe more to more immediate nongenetic factors, such as poaching and local availability of food resources during the breeding season and consequent effects on pup survival, than on the reduced genetic variability.
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Fósiles , Lobos Marinos/genética , Variación Genética , Genética de Población , Filogenia , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Huesos/química , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , México , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Densidad de Población , Alineación de Secuencia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To clinically evaluate and compare a dentifrice system in a dual-chambered tube, wherein one chamber contained sodium fluoride in a silica base and the other chamber contained dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (Test Dentifrice delivering 0.243% sodium fluoride), to a dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base (Positive Control Dentifrice). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted in harmony with the published 1988 American Dental Association guidelines for studies geared toward the comparison of fluoride dentifrices. This 2-yr caries clinical study employed a double-blind, parallel-group design, and involved 5-17 yr-old children from the Central and South areas of Florida and from the Lares area of Puerto Rico. Qualifying subjects were stratified according to age and sex, and were randomly assigned to the two treatment groups, with multiple subjects in the same household all assigned to the dentifrice randomly allocated to the first among them. Caries examinations were conducted in accordance with U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidelines for the clinical evaluation of drugs to prevent dental caries. Two calibrated examiners performed all the measurements. After treatment assignment, study participants were instructed to brush their teeth at home with their assigned dentifrice at least twice daily. Brushing instructions were reinforced by indoctrination in proper oral hygiene techniques by dental professionals, supplemented by pamphlets supplied by the sponsor and yearly mailings to participants, emphasizing good oral hygiene and the need to enforce compliance with the study. Post-baseline examinations were performed after 1 yr of product use, and again after 2 yrs of product use. RESULTS: Two thousand five hundred six (2,506) subjects completed this 2-yr study. For these subjects, the mean caries scores (DMFS, decayed, missing and filled tooth surfaces) at baseline were 2.29 for the Test Dentifrice group, and 2.47 for the Positive Control Dentifrice group. For caries increments after 1 yr, the respective means were 0.69 for the Test Dentifrice group and 0.81 for the Positive Control Dentifrice group. Finally, after 2 yrs, the mean caries increments were 1.25 for the Test Dentifrice group, and 1.46 for the Positive Control Dentifrice group. No statistically significant difference was indicated between the treatment groups at baseline or between the 1-yr caries increment scores. However, there was a statistically significant difference in the 2-yr caries increment scores between the treatment groups. Relative to the Positive Control Dentifrice group, the Test Dentifrice group presented a 14.38% reduction in caries increment scores at 2 yrs. In accordance with the procedures and standards provided by the published guidelines of the American Dental Association for the comparison of the anticaries efficacy of fluoride dentifrices, the results of this study support the conclusion that the dentifrice system in a dual-chambered tube, wherein one chamber contained sodium fluoride in a silica base and the other chamber contained dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, delivering 0.243% sodium fluoride, provided a superior level of anticaries efficacy than did the dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base.
Asunto(s)
Fosfatos de Calcio/farmacología , Cariostáticos/farmacología , Caries Dental/prevención & control , Fluoruro de Sodio/farmacología , Pastas de Dientes/uso terapéutico , Adolescente , Análisis de Varianza , Fosfatos de Calcio/administración & dosificación , Cariostáticos/administración & dosificación , Niño , Preescolar , Índice CPO , Caries Dental/epidemiología , Método Doble Ciego , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos , Femenino , Florida/epidemiología , Humanos , Masculino , Puerto Rico/epidemiología , Fluoruro de Sodio/administración & dosificación , Pastas de Dientes/farmacología , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To clinically evaluate and compare a dentifrice system in a dual-chambered tube, wherein one chamber contained sodium fluoride in a silica base and the other chamber contained dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (Test Dentifrice delivering 0.243% sodium fluoride), to a dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base (Positive Control Dentifrice). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted in harmony with the published 1988 American Dental Association guidelines for studies geared toward the comparison of fluoride dentifrices. This 2-yr caries clinical study employed a double-blind, parallel-group design, and involved 6-10 yr-old children from the metropolitan area of Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil. Qualifying subjects were stratified according to age and sex, and were randomly assigned to the two treatment groups, with multiple subjects in the same household all assigned to the dentifrice randomly allocated to the first among them. Caries examinations were conducted in accordance with U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidelines for the clinical evaluation of drugs to prevent dental caries. One calibrated examiner performed all the measurements. After treatment assignment, study participants were instructed to brush their teeth at home with their assigned dentifrice at least twice daily. Brushing instructions were reinforced by indoctrination in proper oral hygiene techniques by dental professionals, supplemented by pamphlets supplied by the sponsor and yearly mailings to participants, emphasizing good oral hygiene and the need to enforce compliance with the study. Post-baseline examinations were performed after 1 yr of product use, and again after 2 yrs of product use. RESULTS: Two thousand four hundred thirty-two (2,432) subjects completed this 2-yr study. For these subjects, the mean caries scores (DMFS, decayed, missing and filled tooth surfaces) at baseline were 3.84 for the Test Dentifrice group, and 4.06 for the Positive Control Dentifrice group. For caries increments after 1 yr, the respective means were 2.02 for the Test Dentifrice group and 2.12 for the Positive Control Dentifrice group. Finally, after 2 yrs, the mean caries increments were 4.30 for the Test Dentifrice group, and 4.83 for the Positive Control Dentifrice group. No statistically significant difference was indicated between the treatment groups at baseline or between the 1-yr caries increment scores. However, there was a statistically significant difference in the 2-yr caries increment scores between the treatment groups. Relative to the Positive Control Dentifrice group, the Test Dentifrice group presented a 10.97% reduction in caries increment scores at 2 yrs. In accordance with the procedures and standards provided by the published guidelines of the American Dental Association for the comparison of the anticaries efficacy of fluoride dentifrices, the results of this study support the conclusion that the dentifrice system in a dual-chambered tube, wherein one chamber contained sodium fluoride in a silica base and the other chamber contained dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, delivering 0.243% sodium fluoride, provided a superior level of anticaries efficacy than did the dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base.
Asunto(s)
Fosfatos de Calcio/administración & dosificación , Caries Dental/prevención & control , Fluoruro de Sodio/administración & dosificación , Pastas de Dientes/uso terapéutico , Brasil/epidemiología , Niño , Índice CPO , Caries Dental/epidemiología , Método Doble Ciego , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Pastas de Dientes/farmacología , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To provide a head-to-head comparison of the anticaries efficacy associated with two commercially-available and American Dental Association-accepted dentifrices: Crest Cavity Fighting Toothpaste with Fluoristat, containing 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base, and Colgate Great Regular Flavor Fluoride Toothpaste, containing 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate in a dicalcium phosphate dihydrate base. The study was conducted in harmony with the published 1988 American Dental Association guidelines for studies geared toward this purpose. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study employed a double-blind, parallel-groups, multi-center two-treatment design, and involved third, fourth, and fifth grade schoolchildren from Newark, New Jersey, and from the Cidra and Lares areas of Puerto Rico. Qualifying subjects were stratified according to age and sex, and were randomly assigned to the two treatment groups, with multiple subjects in the same household all assigned to the dentifrice randomly allocated to the first among them. Caries examinations were conducted in accordance with U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidelines for the clinical evaluation of drugs to prevent dental caries. After treatment assignment, study participants were instructed to brush their teeth at home with their assigned dentifrice at least twice daily. Brushing instructions were reinforced by the presentation of educational films and lectures at school, by semi-annual mailings to parents, and through the periodic distribution of small novelty gifts along with the dentifrice deliveries, in order to enhance the interest and enthusiasm of study participants. Post-baseline examinations were performed after 1 and after 2 yrs of product use. Two thousand four hundred seventy-nine (2,479) subjects completed this 2-yr study. For these subjects, the mean (S.D.) DFS scores at baseline were 2.77 (3.35) for the Crest group, and 2.66 (3.18) for the Colgate group. For caries increment after 1 yr, the respective means were 1.68 (2.53) and 1.70 (2.57). After 2 yrs, the mean caries increments were 3.56 (4.11) for the Crest group, and 3.56 (4.05) for the Colgate group. RESULTS: The analysis of the 2-yr caries increment scores support the conclusion that the anticaries efficacy associated with Colgate Great Regular Flavor Fluoride Toothpaste is equivalent to that associated with Crest Cavity Fighting Toothpaste with Fluoristat, in accordance with the procedures and standards provided by the published guidelines of the American Dental Association. Further, consistent with those same standards, the results of this study serve to lend additional support to the conclusion that dentifrices formulated with sodium monofluorophosphate provide an equivalent level of anticaries efficacy as to those formulated with sodium fluoride.
Asunto(s)
Cariostáticos/uso terapéutico , Caries Dental/prevención & control , Dentífricos/uso terapéutico , Fluoruros/uso terapéutico , Fosfatos/uso terapéutico , Fluoruro de Sodio/uso terapéutico , Fosfatos de Calcio , Cariostáticos/administración & dosificación , Niño , Intervalos de Confianza , Índice CPO , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Fluoruros/administración & dosificación , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , New Jersey , Educación del Paciente como Asunto , Fosfatos/administración & dosificación , Puerto Rico , Dióxido de Silicio , Fluoruro de Sodio/administración & dosificación , Estadística como Asunto , Cepillado Dental/métodos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
PIP: Founded in 1992, is an independent grassroots organization whose goal is to assist community development, health, education, clean water and income generation. The Q'eqchi' Maya Indians constitute the fourth largest indigenous group located on the banks of Rio Dulce, in the eastern rainforest of Guatemala. Project Ak'Tenamit helped the Q'eqchi' people revive their ancient art of paper making as a viable and self-sustainable source of income. As the material used by the ancient Maya--cork husk and banana stalks--are still abundant, it was decided that this art could be successfully re-introduced. With papermaking, the Q'eqchi women were able to earn money from their own production without even compromising their respective households. Ak'Tenamit was responsible for the distribution of paper making products in stores throughout Guatemala. Although there are still many obstacles confronting these women, the paper making cooperative provides employment opportunities and is indeed a great help to them. They produce a total of 15 different products including bowls, cards, and bookmarks.^ieng
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Empleo , Etnicidad , Renta , Cambio Social , Mujeres , Américas , América Central , Demografía , Países en Desarrollo , Economía , Guatemala , América Latina , América del Norte , Población , Características de la PoblaciónRESUMEN
Human infection with the parasite Schistosoma mansoni is a relatively common occurrence in regions of South America and is associated with liver dysfunction and dyslipoproteinemia. Specifically, the activity of plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity is reduced, the concentration of plasma cholesterol esters falls, phospholipid concentrations are elevated and erythrocyte membranes become cholesterol enriched. Previous studies have utilized rodents (rats and mice) as experimental models to study the dyslipoproteinemia induced by S. mansoni infection. However, the plasma lipoprotein profiles in these animals is very different from humans and infection is not accompanied by decreases in LCAT activity or cholesterol enrichment of their erythrocyte membranes. Here we have evaluated the suitability of the marmoset Callithrix jacchus (sagüi) which is small and readily available in Brazil, as a potential animal model for the study of the dyslipoproteinemia of S. mansoni infections. The plasma lipoprotein compositions and distributions in sagüi, unlike rats or mice, approximate those of man with the LDL representing a major lipoprotein species. The molecular species of phospholipids, cholesterol esters and triglycerides present in sagüi plasma are also very similar to man, whereas those of rats and mice favor the longer chain more unsaturated species, Sagüi, like rodents, can be successfully infected with S. mansoni and after 60 days, this results in a 50% reduction in plasma LCAT activity, an 11% reduction in plasma cholesterol esters, an absolute increase of 46% in plasma phospholipids and an 18% increase in the cholesterol content of erythrocyte membranes. These changes are qualitatively and quantitatively very similar to those previously reported following human infections. Based upon these changes, and the observation that the plasma lipoprotein profile of sagüi and human is similar, we conclude that C. jacchus (sagüi) is an appropriate animal model for the study of dyslipoproteinemia associated with S. mansoni infections.
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Glicoproteínas , Hipolipoproteinemias/complicaciones , Lipoproteínas/sangre , Esquistosomiasis mansoni/complicaciones , Animales , Callithrix , Proteínas Portadoras/sangre , Centrifugación por Gradiente de Densidad , Proteínas de Transferencia de Ésteres de Colesterol , Ésteres del Colesterol/sangre , Cromatografía de Gases , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Eritrocitos/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Hipolipoproteinemias/sangre , Lipoproteínas/química , Masculino , Fosfatidilcolina-Esterol O-Aciltransferasa/sangre , Fosfolípidos/sangre , Fosfolípidos/química , Esquistosomiasis mansoni/sangre , Especificidad de la Especie , Triglicéridos/sangreRESUMEN
Sessenta indivíduos participaram de uma comparaçäo randomizada aberta, uni-cega (mascaramento do avaliador), bilateral e pareada. Alocou-se aleatoriamente uma formulaçäo de loçäo de lactato de amônio a 12 por cento ou nenhum tratameno à regiäo plantar direita ou esquerda. A loçäo foi aplicada duas vezes ao dia durante oito semanas no pé alocado, seguindo-se uma fase de regressäo de quatro semanas, na qual näo se aplicou o tratamento em nenhum dos pés. Os indivíduos apresentavam xerodermia plantar pelo menos moderada, igual em ambos os pés. Os que haviam aplicado medicaçöes com ou sem prescriçäo ou que haviam sido submetidos a debridamento mecânico nas duas semanas anteriores foram excluídos, bem como os que utilizaram retinóides orais no mês anterior ao início do estudo. A eficácia do tratamento näo pôde ser avaliada nos pacientes que utilizaram, durante o estudo, produtos tópicos nos pés que näo a medicaçäo pesquisada. Avaliou-se o efeito do lactato de amônio na pele da regiäo plantar, comparando-se sua eficácia à da ausência de tratamento através do "Overall Dryness Severity Score" (Escore de gravidade da xerodermia), "Physician Global Assessment of Improvement/Worsening" (avaliaçäo geral dos médicos de melhora/piora) e "Physician Preference" (preferência dos médicos). As avaliaçöes foram feitas na semana 0 (antes do tratamento) e nas semanas 1, 2, 4, 8, 10 e 12. O "escore de gravidade de xerodermia" foi avaliado em uma escala de 9 pontos, de 0 (pele normal, sem sinais de xerodermia) a 8 (xerodermia grave). A "avaliaçäo geral dos médicos de melhora/piora" foi feita em todas as consultas, exceto na inicial (Tabela 1). Em todas as consultas, com exceçäo da inicial, o pesquisador avaliou se havia alguma diferença entre os dois tipos de abordagem. Se houvesse diferença, o lado tratado era considerado:ligeiramente melhor, moderadamente melhor ou acentuadamente melhor. Também foram documentados os efeitos adversos e feitos "slides" dos locais avaliados nas semanas 0 (antes do tratamento), na semana 8 (final do tratamento) e 12 (final da regressäo)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Ácido Láctico/uso terapéutico , Dermatosis del Pie/tratamiento farmacológico , Ictiosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Método Simple CiegoAsunto(s)
Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastorno Depresivo/epidemiología , Americanos Mexicanos/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores de Edad , Evaluación Geriátrica , Humanos , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica/normas , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
The Registry provides information about 904 children with biliary atresia from more than 100 institutions. There was a 1.4 to 1 female predominance; racial distribution was 62% caucasian, 20% black, 11% Hispanic, 4.2% asian, and 1.5% American Indian. Eight hundred sixteen (90%) underwent corrective surgery (median age at operation, 69 days). Intraoperatively, 70% had totally obliterated extrahepatic bile ducts, 22% had patency of the gallbladder and distal common duct, whereas only 8% had "correctable" biliary atresia (proximal duct patency). A variety of reconstructions were used, but the majority of patients had a Roux-en-Y portoenterostomy with or without exteriorization. Follow-up was available for 670 children (74%) with average length of follow-up of 5 years (range, 1 to 16 years). Five-year actuarial survival was 48% following Kasai's operation, but was less than 10% (at 3 years) if no operative correction was done. Survival was unaffected by sex, type of reconstruction, or cholangitis. Predictors of a bad outcome were (1) caucasian race; (2) operative age greater than 60 days; (3) presence of cirrhosis at initial biopsy; (4) totally nonpatent extrahepatic ducts; (5) absent ducts at the level of transection in the liver hilus; and (6) subsequent development of varices or ascites. Identification of factors predictive of the ultimate outcome provide a basis for either continued efforts with management of Kasai's operation or for early referral for liver transplantation.